本文主要經過一個簡單的例子來解釋koa的內部原理。html
const Koa = require('koa'); const app = new Koa(); app.use(async ctx => { ctx.body = 'Hello World'; }); app.listen(3000);
在文章開頭的例子中,執行const app = new koa()時,實際上構造了一個Application實例,在application的構造方法中,建立了context.js、request.js、response.js代碼的運行實例。下文約定request值request.js代碼運行實例,response指response.js運行實例,context指context.js運行實例。node
constructor() { super(); this.proxy = false; this.middleware = []; this.subdomainOffset = 2; this.env = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'; this.context = Object.create(context); this.request = Object.create(request); this.response = Object.create(response); if (util.inspect.custom) { this[util.inspect.custom] = this.inspect; } }
調用app.listen(3000)方法監聽3000端口的http請求,listen方法內部建立了一個http.Server對象,並調用http.Server的listen方法。具體代碼以下:git
listen(...args) { debug('listen'); const server = http.createServer(this.callback()); return server.listen(...args); }
其中this.callback方法的源碼以下:github
callback() { const fn = compose(this.middleware); if (!this.listenerCount('error')) this.on('error', this.onerror); const handleRequest = (req, res) => { const ctx = this.createContext(req, res); return this.handleRequest(ctx, fn); }; return handleRequest; }
該方法返回一個handleRequest函數,做爲createServer的參數,當http.Server實例接收到一個http請求時,會將請求信息和請求響應對象傳給handleRequest函數,具體指將http.IncomingMessage的實例req,和http.ServerResponse的實例res傳給handleRequest方法。其中this.createContext函數的源碼以下:數據庫
createContext(req, res) { const context = Object.create(this.context); const request = context.request = Object.create(this.request); const response = context.response = Object.create(this.response); context.app = request.app = response.app = this; context.req = request.req = response.req = req; context.res = request.res = response.res = res; request.ctx = response.ctx = context; request.response = response; response.request = request; context.originalUrl = request.originalUrl = req.url; context.state = {}; return context; }
上面代碼的主要做用是將請求信息和響應信息封裝在request.js和response.js的運行實例中,並建立上下文對象context,context包含了application實例、request實例、response實例的引用。在this.callback方法中還有另外一行很重要的代碼:json
const fn = compose(this.middleware);
能夠從Application的構造方法知道this.middleware是一個數組,該數組用來存儲app.use方法傳入的中間件方法。Application的use方法具體代碼實現細節以下,其中最關鍵的一行代碼是this.middleware.push(fn)。數組
use(fn) { if (typeof fn !== 'function') throw new TypeError('middleware must be a function!'); if (isGeneratorFunction(fn)) { deprecate('Support for generators will be removed in v3. ' + 'See the documentation for examples of how to convert old middleware ' + 'https://github.com/koajs/koa/blob/master/docs/migration.md'); fn = convert(fn); } debug('use %s', fn._name || fn.name || '-'); this.middleware.push(fn); return this; }
compose方法的實現包含在koa-compose包中,具體代碼實現細節以下:app
function compose (middleware) { if (!Array.isArray(middleware)) throw new TypeError('Middleware stack must be an array!') for (const fn of middleware) { if (typeof fn !== 'function') throw new TypeError('Middleware must be composed of functions!') } return function (context, next) { // last called middleware # let index = -1 return dispatch(0) function dispatch (i) { if (i <= index) return Promise.reject(new Error('next() called multiple times')) index = i let fn = middleware[i] if (i === middleware.length) fn = next if (!fn) return Promise.resolve() try { return Promise.resolve(fn(context, dispatch.bind(null, i + 1))); } catch (err) { return Promise.reject(err) } } } }
compose方法接收this.middleware數組,返回一個匿名函數,該函數接收兩個參數,上下文實例context和一個next函數,執行該匿名函數會執行this.middleware數組中的全部中間件函數,而後在執行傳入的next函數。在Application的callback方法的最後將執行上下文對象和compose方法返回的匿名函數做爲參數調用this.handleRequest方法。接下來看一下this.handleRequest方法的具體細節:dom
handleRequest(ctx, fnMiddleware) { const res = ctx.res; res.statusCode = 404; const onerror = err => ctx.onerror(err); const handleResponse = () => respond(ctx); onFinished(res, onerror); return fnMiddleware(ctx).then(handleResponse).catch(onerror); }
在this.handleRequest方法中建立了錯誤處理方法onError和返回響應的方法handleResponse。
fnMiddleware就是compose方法返回的匿名函數。在this.handleRequest方法的最後執行匿名函數,並傳入hanldeResponse和onError函數分別處理正常請求響應流程和異常狀況。koa
return fnMiddleware(ctx).then(handleResponse).catch(onerror);
執行fnMiddleware函數,其實是執行以前傳入全部中間件函數。在中間函數中能夠拿到上下文對象的引用,經過上下文對象咱們能夠獲取到通過封裝的請求和響應實例,具體形式以下:
app.use(async ctx => { ctx; // 這是 Context ctx.request; // 這是 koa Request ctx.response; // 這是 koa Response });
在中間件方法中能夠設置響應頭信息、響應內容。以及讀取數據庫,獲取html模版等。將須要返回給用戶端的數據賦值給上下文對象context的body屬性。respond方法的具體實現以下:
function respond(ctx) { // allow bypassing koa if (false === ctx.respond) return; if (!ctx.writable) return; const res = ctx.res; let body = ctx.body; const code = ctx.status; // ignore body if (statuses.empty[code]) { // strip headers ctx.body = null; return res.end(); } if ('HEAD' == ctx.method) { if (!res.headersSent && isJSON(body)) { ctx.length = Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(body)); } return res.end(); } // status body if (null == body) { if (ctx.req.httpVersionMajor >= 2) { body = String(code); } else { body = ctx.message || String(code); } if (!res.headersSent) { ctx.type = 'text'; ctx.length = Buffer.byteLength(body); } return res.end(body); } // responses if (Buffer.isBuffer(body)) return res.end(body); if ('string' == typeof body) return res.end(body); if (body instanceof Stream) return body.pipe(res); // body: json body = JSON.stringify(body); if (!res.headersSent) { ctx.length = Buffer.byteLength(body); } res.end(body); }
respond方法的主要做用是對返回的內容進行一些處理,而後調用node.js的http.ServerResponse實例的end方法,將具體內容返回給用戶端。
在Application的createContext方法中,將node.js的請求(http.IncomingMessage)和響應對象(http.ServerResponse)分別賦值給了request.js和response.js文件代碼實例對象。
request.js中主要包含了處理請求的方法(實際上都是get方法,或者獲取器),獲取請求數據,例如:
get host() { const proxy = this.app.proxy; let host = proxy && this.get('X-Forwarded-Host'); if (!host) { if (this.req.httpVersionMajor >= 2) host = this.get(':authority'); if (!host) host = this.get('Host'); } if (!host) return ''; return host.split(/\s*,\s*/, 1)[0]; },
上面的代碼中this.req是http.IncomingMessage實例,包含了http請求信息。
response.js中包含了處理請求響應的操做。例如設置響應狀態:
set status(code) { if (this.headerSent) return; assert(Number.isInteger(code), 'status code must be a number'); assert(code >= 100 && code <= 999, `invalid status code: ${code}`); this._explicitStatus = true; this.res.statusCode = code; if (this.req.httpVersionMajor < 2) this.res.statusMessage = statuses[code]; if (this.body && statuses.empty[code]) this.body = null; }
this.res指http.ServerResponse對象實例
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