後端的同窗用 Vagrant 快速的、可重複的建立各類不一樣環境的虛擬機,來測試部署各後端程序。對於前端同窗來講,想向全棧發展,服務器相關的一些操做是繞不開的一道檻。這裏先前端爲視角,以 Vagrant 來引導你們逐步進入服務器技術相關的領域。
安裝 Vagrant 很是簡單,能夠在Downloads 頁面選擇最新的版本安裝。Vagrant 支持 Windows、Linux、Mac 等平臺。html
同時電腦中還須要再安裝virtualbox。前端
建立一個目錄用於存放 Vagrantfile 以及 Vagrant 在工做中的數據nginx
» mkdir myvagrant » cd myvagrant
接下來前往 vagrant 官網尋找一個合適的 Box,這裏我選擇了 Virtualbox 版本的Centos7後端
» vagrant init centos/7
運行這個命令後會在當前目錄下新建一個 Vagrantfile 的配置文件。centos
若是本地沒有 Centos7 這個鏡像,那麼接下來將會是一個漫長的下載過程。在這若是實在等不下去,能夠先經過別的各類途徑將 Box 下載到本地。而後再命令行中輸入以下代碼:瀏覽器
» vagrant box add --name centos/7 /local_download_path/virtualbox.box
經過 vagrant box list
來檢查 box 是否添加成功。出現以下提示表明安裝成功。服務器
centos/7 (virtualbox, 0)
再次執行初始化命令,並經過up
命令來啓動app
» vagrant init centos/7 » vagrant up
出現以下提示表明啓動成功dom
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider... ==> default: Importing base box 'centos/7'... ==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking... ==> default: Setting the name of the VM: myvagrant_default_1528726843301_65709 ==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces... ==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration... default: Adapter 1: nat ==> default: Forwarding ports... default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1) ==> default: Booting VM... ==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes... default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222 default: SSH username: vagrant default: SSH auth method: private key default: default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security. default: default: Inserting generated public key within guest... default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present... default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key... ==> default: Machine booted and ready! ==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM... default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue. default: default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly, default: in which case you may ignore this message. ==> default: Rsyncing folder: /work/training/vagrant/myvagrant/ => /vagrant
輸入 vagrant ssh
登陸ssh
此時 vagrant 將使用默認的用戶 vagrant 以及預設的 SSH 公鑰密鑰鍵值對直接登陸虛擬機。
[vagrant@localhost ~]$
切換用戶到 root,默認密碼是 vagrant
密碼在 Linux 中是看不見的,但確實已經輸入了
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ su Password: [root@localhost vagrant]#
[root@localhost vagrant]# exit exit [vagrant@localhost ~]$ exit logout Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.
Vagrant 提供了好幾種方法來關閉虛擬機,你能夠根據不一樣的狀況選擇不一樣的方式。
vagrant suspend
將虛擬機置於休眠狀態。這時候主機會保存虛擬機的當前狀態。再用vagrant up
啓動虛擬機時可以返回以前工做的狀態。這種方式優勢是休眠和啓動速度都很快,只有幾秒鐘。缺點是須要額外的磁盤空間來存儲當前狀態。vagrant halt
則是關機。若是想再次啓動仍是使用vagrant up
命令,不過須要多花些時間。vagrant destroy
則會將虛擬機從磁盤中刪除。若是想從新建立仍是使用vagrant up
命令。Nginx 是一個十分輕量級的 HTTP 服務器
接上篇登陸到虛擬機,並切換到 root 用戶。
[root@localhost vagrant]# yum install -y epel-release [root@localhost vagrant]# yum install -y nginx
[root@localhost vagrant]# systemctl start nginx
檢查 nginx 狀態
[root@localhost vagrant]# systemctl status nginx ● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since Mon 2018-06-11 15:02:45 UTC; 57s ago Process: 2910 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2908 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 2907 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2912 (nginx) CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service ├─2912 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx └─2913 nginx: worker process Jun 11 15:02:45 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server... Jun 11 15:02:45 localhost.localdomain nginx[2908]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok Jun 11 15:02:45 localhost.localdomain nginx[2908]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful Jun 11 15:02:45 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Failed to read PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument Jun 11 15:02:45 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
出現如上所示表明 nginx 啓動成功。
如今 nginx 是啓動到了 vagrant 中,如何在咱們的電腦中直接訪問呢 ? 這裏須要對 vagrant 作一下端口轉發的配置。
首先退出虛擬機。編輯上一篇初始化後生成的配置文件 Vagrantfile,找到
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
將最前邊的#
號刪除並保存。
運行 vagrant reload
來應用修改後的配置文件。
登陸虛擬機,切換到 root 用戶,啓動 nginx
這時打開電腦瀏覽器輸入 http://localhost:8080/
就能看到 nginx 的歡迎頁面了。