Django一些不爲人知的操做

目錄：

　　- Django ORM執行原生SQL

　　- QuerySet方法大全

 

1、Django ORM執行原生SQL

 

# extra # 在QuerySet的基礎上繼續執行子語句 # extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)

# select和select_params是一組，where和params是一組，tables用來設置from哪一個表 # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) # Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) # Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) # Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
 舉個例子： models.UserInfo.objects.extra( select={'newid':'select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>%s'}, select_params=[1,], where = ['age>%s'], params=[18,], order_by=['-age'], tables=['app01_usertype'] ) """ select app01_userinfo.id, (select count(1) from app01_usertype where id>1) as newid from app01_userinfo,app01_usertype where app01_userinfo.age > 18 order by app01_userinfo.age desc """


# 執行原生SQL # 更高靈活度的方式執行原生SQL語句 # from django.db import connection, connections # cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() # cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) # row = cursor.fetchone()

 

 

2、QuerySet方法大全

 

################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ##################################################################

def all(self) # 獲取全部的數據對象

def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢
    # 條件能夠是：參數，字典，Q

def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢
    # 條件能夠是：參數，字典，Q

def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相關：表之間進行join連表操做，一次性獲取關聯的數據。 總結： 1. select_related主要針一對一和多對一關係進行優化。 2. select_related使用SQL的JOIN語句進行優化，經過減小SQL查詢的次數來進行優化、提升性能。 def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相關：多表連表操做時速度會慢，使用其執行屢次SQL查詢在Python代碼中實現連表操做。 總結： 1. 對於多對多字段（ManyToManyField）和一對多字段，能夠使用prefetch_related()來進行優化。 2. prefetch_related()的優化方式是分別查詢每一個表，而後用Python處理他們之間的關係。 def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用於實現聚合group by查詢

    from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1

def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用於distinct去重
    models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo
 注：只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct進行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用於排序
    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age') def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 構造額外的查詢條件或者映射，如：子查詢
 Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon']) Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) def reverse(self): # 倒序
    models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse() # 注：若是存在order_by，reverse則是倒序，若是多個排序則一一倒序


 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id') #映射中排除某列數據

 def only(self, *fields): #僅取某個表中的數據
     models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id') def using(self, alias): 指定使用的數據庫，參數爲別名（setting中的設置） ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ##################################################

def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 執行原生SQL
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo') # 若是SQL是其餘表時，必須將名字設置爲當前UserInfo對象的主鍵列名
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其餘表') # 爲原生SQL設置參數
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) # 將獲取的到列名轉換爲指定列名
    name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) # 指定數據庫
    models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") ################### 原生SQL ###################
    from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor()  # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
    cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)


def values(self, *fields): # 獲取每行數據爲字典格式

def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 獲取每行數據爲元祖

def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容
    # kind只能是："year"（年）, "month"（年-月）, "day"（年-月-日）
    # order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
    # 並獲取轉換後的時間
        - year : 年-01-01
        - month: 年-月-01
        - day  : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC') def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容，將時間轉換爲指定時區時間
    # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
    # order只能是："ASC" "DESC"
    # tzinfo時區對象
    models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """

def none(self): # 空QuerySet對象


#################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # ####################################

def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函數，獲取字典類型聚合結果
   from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid')) ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4} def count(self): # 獲取個數

def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 獲取單個對象

def create(self, **kwargs): # 建立對象

def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入
    # batch_size表示一次插入的個數
    objs = [ models.DDD(name='r11'), models.DDD(name='r22') ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 若是存在，則獲取，不然，建立
    # defaults 指定建立時，其餘字段的值
    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 若是存在，則更新，不然，建立
    # defaults 指定建立時或更新時的其餘字段
    obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1}) def first(self): # 獲取第一個

def last(self): # 獲取最後一個

def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根據主鍵ID進行查找
   id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete(self): # 刪除

def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新

def exists(self): # 是否有結果