記憶函數(Memoization)是一種用於長遞歸或長迭代操做性能優化的編程實踐。javascript
記憶函數實現原理:使用一組參數初次調用函數時,緩存參數和計算結果,當再次使用相同的參數調用該函數時,直接返回相應的緩存結果。java
注意: 記憶化函數不能有反作用。react
普通遞歸版git
function fibonacci(n) {
console.log(`calculate fibonacci(${n})...`)
if (n < 2) {
return 1;
} else {
return fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1);
}
}
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記憶遞歸版github
const memoizedFibonacci = (function () {
const cache = {} // 計算結果緩存
return function fibonacci(n) {
// 不一樣的參數按必定的規則計算獲得不一樣的緩存鍵值
const key = n
// 每次執行時首先檢查緩存
// 若當前參數的計算結果已有緩存,直接返回緩存結果
if (cache[key]) {
return cache[key]
}
// 不然,計算、緩存並返回結果
console.log(`calculate fibonacci(${n})...`)
if (n < 2) {
return cache[key] = 1;
} else {
return cache[key] = fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1);
}
}
})()
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執行過程對比編程
// 依次執行下述語句,觀察輸出
fibonacci(3);
/** * execution-log: * calculate fibonacci(3)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(2)... * calculate fibonacci(0)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * * return-value: * 3 */
fibonacci(5);
/** * execution-log: * calculate fibonacci(5)... * calculate fibonacci(3)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(2)... * calculate fibonacci(0)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(4)... * calculate fibonacci(2)... * calculate fibonacci(0)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(3)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(2)... * calculate fibonacci(0)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * * return-value: * 8 */
/* ------------------------------- */
memoizedFibonacci(3);
/** * execution-log: * calculate fibonacci(3)... * calculate fibonacci(1)... * calculate fibonacci(2)... * calculate fibonacci(0)... * * return-value: * 3 */
memoizedFibonacci(5);
/** * fibonacci(0), fibonacci(1), ..., fibonacci(3) 已緩存結果,無須從新計算 * * execution-log: * calculate fibonacci(5)... * calculate fibonacci(4)... * * return-value: * 8 */
memoizedFibonacci(10);
/** * fibonacci(0), fibonacci(1), ..., fibonacci(5) 已緩存結果,無須從新計算 * * execution-log: * calculate fibonacci(10)... * calculate fibonacci(8)... * calculate fibonacci(6)... * calculate fibonacci(7)... * calculate fibonacci(9)... * * return-value: * 89 */
memoizedFibonacci(9);
/** * fibonacci(0), fibonacci(1), ..., fibonacci(10) 已緩存結果,無須從新計算 * * execution-log: * * return-value: * 55 */
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能夠看到緩存
_.memoize(func, [resolver])
性能優化
使用該函數能夠建立記憶化版本的 func 函數,例如:antd
import memoize from 'lodash/memoize';
function fibonacci(n) {
if (n < 2) {
return 1;
} else {
return fibonacci(n - 2) + fibonacci(n - 1);
}
}
const memoizedFibonacci = memoize(fibonacci);
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注意,使用 _.memoize
函數有內存泄漏的風險,能夠根據應用場景定製 _.memoize.Cache
進行優化,例如:app
import memoize from 'lodash/memoize';
/** * @param max {number} 緩存結果數上限 */
function getLimitedCache(max = 200) {
class LimitedCache {
constructor() {
this._max = max; // 設定緩存結果數上限
this._store = new Map();
}
set(key, value) {
const store = this._store;
const max = this._max;
if (store.size >= max) {
store.clear();
}
return store.set(key, value);
}
get(key) {
return this._store.get(key);
}
delete(key) {
return this._store.delete(key);
}
has(key) {
return this._store.has(key);
}
clear() {
return this._store.clear();
}
}
}
function limitedMemoize(...args) {
const DefaultCache = memoize.Cache;
memoize.Cache = getLimitedCache();
return memoize(...args);
memoize.Cache = DefaultCache;
}
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實現:lodash/memoize.js (github 連接)
/** * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is * provided, it determines the cache key for storing the result based on the * arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the first argument * provided to the memoized function is used as the map cache key. The `func` * is invoked with the `this` binding of the memoized function. * * **Note:** The cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized * function. Its creation may be customized by replacing the `memoize.Cache` * constructor with one whose instances implement the * [`Map`](http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/7.0/#sec-properties-of-the-map-prototype-object) * method interface of `clear`, `delete`, `get`, `has`, and `set`. * * @since 0.1.0 * @category Function * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized. * @param {Function} [resolver] The function to resolve the cache key. * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoized function. * @example * * const object = { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 } * const other = { 'c': 3, 'd': 4 } * * const values = memoize(values) * values(object) * // => [1, 2] * * values(other) * // => [3, 4] * * object.a = 2 * values(object) * // => [1, 2] * * // Modify the result cache. * values.cache.set(object, ['a', 'b']) * values(object) * // => ['a', 'b'] * * // Replace `memoize.Cache`. * memoize.Cache = WeakMap */
function memoize(func, resolver) {
if (typeof func != 'function' || (resolver != null && typeof resolver != 'function')) {
throw new TypeError('Expected a function')
}
const memoized = function(...args) {
const key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, args) : args[0]
const cache = memoized.cache
if (cache.has(key)) {
return cache.get(key)
}
const result = func.apply(this, args)
memoized.cache = cache.set(key, result) || cache
return result
}
memoized.cache = new (memoize.Cache || Map)
return memoized
}
memoize.Cache = Map
export default memoize
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memoize-one 生成的記憶函數只緩存最近一次調用的參數和計算結果。當使用與最近一次相同的參數調用 memoized 函數時,返回上一次的緩存的結果,不然執行完整的計算過程,並更新緩存爲這次調用的參數和結果。
memoize-one 生成的記憶函數不存在內存泄漏的風險。
memoize-one 源碼(JavaScript 版):
function areInputsEqual(newInputs, lastInputs) {
if (newInputs.length !== lastInputs.length) {
return false;
}
for (let i = 0; i < newInputs.length; i++) {
if (newInputs[i] !== lastInputs[i]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
function memoize(resultFn, isEqual = areInputsEqual) {
let lastThis;
let lastArgs = [];
let lastResult;
let calledOnce = false;
// breaking cache when contex (this) or arguments change
const result = function(...newArgs) {
if (calledOnce && lastThis === this && isEqual(newArgs, lastArgs)) {
return lastResult;
}
lastResult = resultFn.apply(this, newArgs);
calledOnce = true;
lastThis = this;
lastArgs = newArgs;
return lastResult;
};
return result;
}
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場景:組件接收一個 list
以及其餘一些參數(<FilterList list={list} {...otherProps} />
),根據不一樣的 state.activeKey
過濾 props.list
並展現,根據其餘參數完成其餘事務。
方案:
一種比較繁瑣的方案:維護 state.filteredList
,手動監聽 props.list
和 state.activeKey
, 當 props.list
或 state.activeKey
變化時更新 state.filteredList
。
一種簡潔但存在性能問題的方案:每次 render()
時使用 state.activeKey
過濾 props.list
並渲染。
使用 memoize-one
的優化方案:使用 memoize-one
生成記憶函數 memoizedFilter()
,在每次 render()
時使用記憶函數 memoizedFilter(list, activeKey)
得到過濾結果並渲染。
方案3具體實現以下:
import React from 'react';
import { Tab } from 'antd';
import memoize from 'memoize-one';
const tabKeys = ['1', '2', '3'];
class FilterList extends React.Component {
state = {
activeKey: '1',
};
// 建立 memoized filter
memoizedFilter = memoize(
(list, activeKey) => list.filter(item => item.key === activeKey)
);
switchTab = (key) = {
this.setState({ activeKey: key });
}
render() {
const { list } = this.props
const { activeKey } = this.state
/** * 在每次 render 時進行過濾,使用 memoizedFilter 保證了 * 只有當 list 或 activeKey 變化時才從新計算過濾結果 */
const filteredList = this.memoizedFilter(list, activeKey);
/** * 若是直接使用 list.filter(item => item.key === activeKey) * 則每次 render 時都要從新計算過濾結果,無論 list 和 activeKey 有無變化 */
return (
<div> <div className="tabs"> {tabKeys.map(key => ( <div key={key} onClick={() => { this.switchTab(key); }} > {`tab ${key}`} </div> ))} </div> <div className="list"> {filteredList.map(item => ( <div key={item.id}>{item.label}</div> ))} </div> </div>
);
}
}
class Page extends React.Component {
state = {
list: [],
}
// ...
render() {
const { list } = this.state;
return (
<div> {/* ... */} <FilterList list={list} /> {/* ... */} </div> ) } } 複製代碼
方案3:
filteredList
props.list
和 state.activeKey
的變化props.list
或 state.activeKey
變化時從新計算 filteredList
,不存在性能問題