在性能優化上,最多見的手段就是緩存。對須要常常訪問的資源進行緩存,減小請求或者是初始化的過程,從而下降時間或內存的消耗。Vue 爲咱們提供了緩存組件 keep-alive,它可用於路由級別或組件級別的緩存。node
但其中的緩存原理你是否瞭解,組件緩存渲染又是如何工做。那麼本文就來解析 keep-alive 的原理。react
在使用 keep-alive 時,能夠添加 prop 屬性 include、exclude、max 容許組件有條件的緩存。既然有限制條件,舊的組件須要刪除緩存,新的組件就須要加入到最新緩存,那麼要如何制定對應的策略?緩存
LRU(Least recently used,最近最少使用)策略根據數據的歷史訪問記錄來進行淘汰數據。LRU 策略的設計原則是,若是一個數據在最近一段時間沒有被訪問到,那麼在未來它被訪問的可能性也很小。也就是說,當限定的空間已存滿數據時,應當把最久沒有被訪問到的數據淘汰。性能優化
keep-alive 緩存機制即是根據LRU策略來設置緩存組件新鮮度,將好久未訪問的組件從緩存中刪除。瞭解完緩存機制,接下來進入源碼,看看keep-alive組件是如何實現的。dom
// 源碼位置:src/core/components/keep-alive.js export default { name: 'keep-alive', abstract: true, props: { include: patternTypes, exclude: patternTypes, max: [String, Number] }, created () { this.cache = Object.create(null) this.keys = [] }, destroyed () { for (const key in this.cache) { pruneCacheEntry(this.cache, key, this.keys) } }, mounted () { this.$watch('include', val => { pruneCache(this, name => matches(val, name)) }) this.$watch('exclude', val => { pruneCache(this, name => !matches(val, name)) }) }, render () { const slot = this.$slots.default const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot) const componentOptions: ?VNodeComponentOptions = vnode && vnode.componentOptions if (componentOptions) { // check pattern const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions) const { include, exclude } = this if ( // not included (include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) || // excluded (exclude && name && matches(exclude, name)) ) { return vnode } const { cache, keys } = this const key: ?string = vnode.key == null // same constructor may get registered as different local components // so cid alone is not enough (#3269) ? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '') : vnode.key if (cache[key]) { vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance // make current key freshest remove(keys, key) keys.push(key) } else { cache[key] = vnode keys.push(key) // prune oldest entry if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) { pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode) } } vnode.data.keepAlive = true } return vnode || (slot && slot[0]) } }
kepp-alive 實際是一個抽象組件,只對包裹的子組件作處理,並不會和子組件創建父子關係,也不會做爲節點渲染到頁面上。在組件開頭就設置 abstract 爲 true,表明該組件是一個抽象組件。ide
// 源碼位置: src/core/instance/lifecycle.js export function initLifecycle (vm: Component) { const options = vm.$options // locate first non-abstract parent let parent = options.parent if (parent && !options.abstract) { while (parent.$options.abstract && parent.$parent) { parent = parent.$parent } parent.$children.push(vm) } vm.$parent = parent // ... }
那麼抽象組件是如何忽略這層關係的呢?在初始化階段會調用 initLifecycle,裏面判斷父級是否爲抽象組件,若是是抽象組件,就選取抽象組件的上一級做爲父級,忽略與抽象組件和子組件之間的層級關係。函數
回到 keep-alive 組件,組件是沒有編寫
template 模板,而是由 render 函數決定渲染結果。性能
const slot = this.$slots.default const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot)
若是 keep-alive 存在多個子元素,keep-alive 要求同時只有一個子元素被渲染。因此在開頭會獲取插槽內的子元素,調用 getFirstComponentChild 獲取到第一個子元素的 VNode。優化
// check pattern const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions) const { include, exclude } = this if ( // not included (include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) || // excluded (exclude && name && matches(exclude, name)) ) { return vnode } function matches (pattern: string | RegExp | Array, name: string): boolean { if (Array.isArray(pattern)) { return pattern.indexOf(name) > -1 } else if (typeof pattern === 'string') { return pattern.split(',').indexOf(name) > -1 } else if (isRegExp(pattern)) { return pattern.test(name) } return false }
接着判斷當前組件是否符合緩存條件,組件名與include不匹配或與exclude匹配都會直接退出並返回 VNode,不走緩存機制。this
const { cache, keys } = this const key: ?string = vnode.key == null // same constructor may get registered as different local components // so cid alone is not enough (#3269) ? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '') : vnode.key if (cache[key]) { vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance // make current key freshest remove(keys, key) keys.push(key) } else { cache[key] = vnode keys.push(key) // prune oldest entry if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) { pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode) } } vnode.data.keepAlive = true
匹配條件經過會進入緩存機制的邏輯,若是命中緩存,從 cache 中獲取緩存的實例設置到當前的組件上,並調整 key 的位置將其放到最後。若是沒命中緩存,將當前 VNode 緩存起來,並加入當前組件的 key。若是緩存組件的數量超出 max 的值,即緩存空間不足,則調用 pruneCacheEntry 將最舊的組件從緩存中刪除,即 keys[0] 的組件。以後將組件的 keepAlive 標記爲 true,表示它是被緩存的組件。
function pruneCacheEntry ( cache: VNodeCache, key: string, keys: Array, current?: VNode ) { const cached = cache[key] if (cached && (!current || cached.tag !== current.tag)) { cached.componentInstance.$destroy() } cache[key] = null remove(keys, key) }
pruneCacheEntry 負責將組件從緩存中刪除,它會調用組件 $destroy 方法銷燬組件實例,緩存組件置空,並移除對應的 key。
mounted () { this.$watch('include', val => { pruneCache(this, name => matches(val, name)) }) this.$watch('exclude', val => { pruneCache(this, name => !matches(val, name)) }) } function pruneCache (keepAliveInstance: any, filter: Function) { const { cache, keys, _vnode } = keepAliveInstance for (const key in cache) { const cachedNode: ?VNode = cache[key] if (cachedNode) { const name: ?string = getComponentName(cachedNode.componentOptions) if (name && !filter(name)) { pruneCacheEntry(cache, key, keys, _vnode) } } } }
keep-alive 在 mounted 會監聽 include 和 exclude 的變化,屬性發生改變時調整緩存和 keys 的順序,最終調用的也是 pruneCacheEntry。
小結:cache 用於緩存組件,keys 存儲組件的 key,根據LRU策略來調整緩存組件。keep-alive 的 render 中最後會返回組件的 VNode,所以咱們也能夠得出一個結論,keep-alive 並不是真的不會渲染,而是渲染的對象是包裹的子組件。
舒適提示:這部份內容須要對 render 和 patch 過程有了解
渲染過程最主要的兩個過程就是 render 和 patch,在 render 以前還會有模板編譯,render 函數就是模板編譯後的產物,它負責構建 VNode 樹,構建好的 VNode 會傳遞給 patch,patch 根據 VNode 的關係生成真實dom節點樹。
這張圖描述了 Vue 視圖渲染的流程:
VNode構建完成後,最終會被轉換成真實dom,而 patch 是必經的過程。爲了更好的理解組件渲染的過程,假設 keep-alive 包括的組件有A和B兩個組件,默認展現A組件。
組件在 patch 過程是會執行 createComponent 來掛載組件的,A組件也不例外。
// 源碼位置:src/core/vdom/patch.js function createComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) { let i = vnode.data if (isDef(i)) { const isReactivated = isDef(vnode.componentInstance) && i.keepAlive if (isDef(i = i.hook) && isDef(i = i.init)) { i(vnode, false /* hydrating */) } // after calling the init hook, if the vnode is a child component // it should've created a child instance and mounted it. the child // component also has set the placeholder vnode's elm. // in that case we can just return the element and be done. if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) { initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue) insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm) if (isTrue(isReactivated)) { reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) } return true } } }
isReactivated 標識組件是否從新激活。在初始化渲染時,A組件尚未初始化構造完成,componentInstance 仍是 undefined。而A組件的 keepAlive 是 true,由於 keep-alive 做爲父級包裹組件,會先於A組件掛載,也就是 kepp-alive 會先執行 render 的過程,A組件被緩存起來,以後對插槽內第一個組件(A組件)的 keepAlive 賦值爲 true,不記得這個過程請看上面組件實現的代碼。因此此時的 isReactivated 是 false。
接着會調用 init 函數進行組件初始化,它是組件的一個鉤子函數:
// 源碼位置:src/core/vdom/create-component.js const componentVNodeHooks = { init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean { if ( vnode.componentInstance && !vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed && vnode.data.keepAlive ) { // kept-alive components, treat as a patch const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode) } else { const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode( vnode, activeInstance ) child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating) } }, // ... }
createComponentInstanceForVnode 內會 new Vue 構造組件實例並賦值到 componentInstance,隨後調用 $mount 掛載組件。
回 createComponent,繼續走下面的邏輯:
if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) { initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue) insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm) if (isTrue(isReactivated)) { reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) } return true }
調用 initComponent 將 vnode.elm 賦值爲真實dom,而後調用 insert 將組件的真實dom插入到父元素中。
因此在初始化渲染中,keep-alive 將A組件緩存起來,而後正常的渲染A組件。
當切換到B組件,再切換回A組件時,A組件命中緩存被從新激活。
再次經歷 patch 過程,keep-alive 是根據插槽獲取當前的組件,那麼插槽的內容又是如何更新實現緩存?
const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType) if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) { // patch existing root node patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly) }
非初始化渲染時,patch 會調用 patchVnode 對比新舊節點。
// 源碼位置:src/core/vdom/patch.js function patchVnode ( oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, ownerArray, index, removeOnly ) { // ... let i const data = vnode.data if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) { i(oldVnode, vnode) } // ... }
patchVnode 內會調用鉤子函數 prepatch。
// 源碼位置: src/core/vdom/create-component.js prepatch (oldVnode: MountedComponentVNode, vnode: MountedComponentVNode) { const options = vnode.componentOptions const child = vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance updateChildComponent( child, options.propsData, // updated props options.listeners, // updated listeners vnode, // new parent vnode options.children // new children ) },
updateChildComponent 就是更新的關鍵方法,它裏面主要是更新實例的一些屬性:
// 源碼位置:src/core/instance/lifecycle.js export function updateChildComponent ( vm: Component, propsData: ?Object, listeners: ?Object, parentVnode: MountedComponentVNode, renderChildren: ?Array) { // ... // Any static slot children from the parent may have changed during parent's // update. Dynamic scoped slots may also have changed. In such cases, a forced // update is necessary to ensure correctness. const needsForceUpdate = !!( renderChildren || // has new static slots vm.$options._renderChildren || // has old static slots hasDynamicScopedSlot ) // ... // resolve slots + force update if has children if (needsForceUpdate) { vm.$slots = resolveSlots(renderChildren, parentVnode.context) vm.$forceUpdate() } } Vue.prototype.$forceUpdate = function () { const vm: Component = this if (vm._watcher) { // 這裏最終會執行 vm._update(vm._render) vm._watcher.update() } }
從註釋中能夠看到 needsForceUpdate 是有插槽纔會爲 true,keep-alive 符合條件。首先調用 resolveSlots 更新 keep-alive 的插槽,而後調用 $forceUpdate 讓 keep-alive 從新渲染,再走一遍 render。由於A組件在初始化已經緩存了,keep-alive 直接返回緩存好的A組件 VNode。VNode 準備好後,又來到了 patch 階段。
function createComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) { let i = vnode.data if (isDef(i)) { const isReactivated = isDef(vnode.componentInstance) && i.keepAlive if (isDef(i = i.hook) && isDef(i = i.init)) { i(vnode, false /* hydrating */) } // after calling the init hook, if the vnode is a child component // it should've created a child instance and mounted it. the child // component also has set the placeholder vnode's elm. // in that case we can just return the element and be done. if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) { initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue) insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm) if (isTrue(isReactivated)) { reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) } return true } } }
A組件再次經歷 createComponent 的過程,調用 init。
const componentVNodeHooks = { init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean { if ( vnode.componentInstance && !vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed && vnode.data.keepAlive ) { // kept-alive components, treat as a patch const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode) } else { const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode( vnode, activeInstance ) child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating) } }, }
這時將再也不走 $mount 的邏輯,只調用 prepatch 更新實例屬性。因此在緩存組件被激活時,不會執行 created 和 mounted 的生命週期函數。
回到 createComponent,此時的 isReactivated 爲 true,調用 reactivateComponent:
function reactivateComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) { let i // hack for #4339: a reactivated component with inner transition // does not trigger because the inner node's created hooks are not called // again. It's not ideal to involve module-specific logic in here but // there doesn't seem to be a better way to do it. let innerNode = vnode while (innerNode.componentInstance) { innerNode = innerNode.componentInstance._vnode if (isDef(i = innerNode.data) && isDef(i = i.transition)) { for (i = 0; i < cbs.activate.length; ++i) { cbs.activate[i](emptyNode, innerNode) } insertedVnodeQueue.push(innerNode) break } } // unlike a newly created component, // a reactivated keep-alive component doesn't insert itself insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm) }
最後調用 insert 插入組件的dom節點,至此緩存渲染流程完成。
小結:組件首次渲染時,keep-alive 會將組件緩存起來。等到緩存渲染時,keep-alive 會更新插槽內容,以後 $forceUpdate 從新渲染。這樣在 render 時就獲取到最新的組件,若是命中緩存則從緩存中返回 VNode。
keep-alive 組件是抽象組件,在對應父子關係時會跳過抽象組件,它只對包裹的子組件作處理,主要是根據LRU策略緩存組件 VNode,最後在 render 時返回子組件的 VNode。緩存渲染過程會更新 keep-alive 插槽,從新再 render 一次,從緩存中讀取以前的組件 VNode 實現狀態緩存。