以太坊衆籌智能合約示例

學習以太坊智能合約開發最好的方法,莫過於結合具體的應用場景案例,舉例如投票、衆籌、代幣發行等等,經過一個實例的實現,邊實踐邊學習了。在這篇教程中,咱們將使用以太坊solidity來實現一個用於衆籌的智能合約,並給出最終實現的solidity所有代碼。app

若是你但願立刻開始學習以太坊DApp開發,能夠訪問匯智網提供的出色的在線互動教程:分佈式

實現一個好的idea經常須要付出巨大的努力,而且須要大量的資金。咱們能夠尋求用戶捐贈,或者尋求投資機構投資,但這每每很難。對於捐贈,國內的風氣不太好,資金去向每每不了了之,捐贈者對於當前的捐贈形式早已失去了信心。而風險投資,對於沒有人脈的創業者來講,很是困難。 區塊鏈提供了一種衆籌的新形式——衆籌智能合約。募資人經過衆籌合約設定好衆籌目標,以及完成時間,設定不一樣衆籌結果所對應的操做(例如目標失敗退回全款、目標成功時受益人得到加密代幣或ETH)。因爲區塊鏈不可篡改的特性,衆籌合約會是一個很是吻合的應用場景。ide

代幣和分佈自治組織

這個例子中咱們將經過解決兩個重要的問題進行更好的衆籌:函數

  • 如何管理資金,保證流動性;
  • 籌集資金後如何花錢。

區塊鏈出現以前的衆籌項目通常缺乏流動性,投資人一旦錯過衆籌截止時間將沒法參與衆籌;一旦參與衆籌,投資人也不能中途退出。智能合約經過發行代幣的形式來記錄投資額,並提供了相似股票市場的流動性。投資人能夠選擇交易或者繼續持有。項目成功後投資者可使用代幣交換實物或者產品服務。項目失敗的話投資者能夠按照原先的約定退出,而且繼續持有代幣以表記念。post

一樣,當前衆籌項目也存在資金去向不明的問題。在這個項目中,咱們使用DAO(分佈式自治組織)記錄每一筆資金去向。學習

合約代碼

先放上代碼,而後再一步步解讀。區塊鏈

pragma solidity ^0.4.16;
interface token {
    function transfer(address receiver, uint amount);
}

contract Crowdsale {
    address public beneficiary;
    uint public fundingGoal; 
    uint public amountRaised; 
    uint public deadline; 
    uint public price;
    token public tokenReward;
    mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
    bool fundingGoalReached = false; 
    bool crowdsaleClosed = false; 
    event GoalReached(address recipient, uint totalAmountRaised); 
    event FundTransfer(address backer, uint amount, bool isContribution); 
    /**
     * Constrctor function
     *
     * Setup the owner
     */
    function Crowdsale(
        address ifSuccessfulSendTo, 
        uint fundingGoalInEthers,        
        uint durationInMinutes,        
        uint etherCostOfEachToken,
        address addressOfTokenUsedAsReward    
    ) {
        beneficiary = ifSuccessfulSendTo;
        fundingGoal = fundingGoalInEthers * 1 ether;
        deadline = now + durationInMinutes * 1 minutes;
        price = etherCostOfEachToken * 1 ether;
        tokenReward = token(addressOfTokenUsedAsReward);
    }
    /**
     * Fallback function
     *
     * The function without name is the default function that is called whenever anyone sends funds to a contract
     */
    function () payable {
        require(!crowdsaleClosed); 
        uint amount = msg.value;
        balanceOf[msg.sender] += amount;
        amountRaised += amount;
        tokenReward.transfer(msg.sender, amount / price);
        FundTransfer(msg.sender, amount, true);
    }
    modifier afterDeadline() {
        if (now >= deadline) _; 
    }
    /**
     * Check if goal was reached
     *
     * Checks if the goal or time limit has been reached and ends the campaign
     */
    function checkGoalReached() afterDeadline { 
       if (amountRaised >= fundingGoal){
            fundingGoalReached = true;
            GoalReached(beneficiary, amountRaised);
        }
        crowdsaleClosed = true;
    }
    /**
     * Withdraw the funds
     *
     * Checks to see if goal or time limit has been reached, and if so, and the funding goal was reached,
     * sends the entire amount to the beneficiary. If goal was not reached, each contributor can withdraw
     * the amount they contributed.
     */
    function safeWithdrawal() afterDeadline { 
       if (!fundingGoalReached) { 
            uint amount = balanceOf[msg.sender];
            balanceOf[msg.sender] = 0; 
           if (amount > 0) { 
               if (msg.sender.send(amount)) {
                    FundTransfer(msg.sender, amount, false);
                } else {
                    balanceOf[msg.sender] = amount;
                }
            }
        } 
        if (fundingGoalReached && beneficiary == msg.sender) { 
            if (beneficiary.send(amountRaised)) {
                FundTransfer(beneficiary, amountRaised, false);
            } else { 
                //If we fail to send the funds to beneficiary, unlock funders balance
                fundingGoalReached = false;
            }
        }
    }
}

構造函數中測試

fundingGoal = fundingGoalInEthers * 1 ether;
deadline = now + durationInMinutes * 1 minutes;

ether和minutes是以太坊預留的關鍵字,1 ether == 1000 finney , 2 days == 48 hours。日期類型的關鍵字有seconds,minutes,hours, days,weeks,years,以太幣單位預留的關鍵字有wei,finney,szabo,ether。1 finney == 1000 szabo,1 szabo == 10^12 wei。now也是以太坊預留的關鍵字,表明當前時間。ui

接下來咱們實例化了一個合約:加密

tokenReward = token(addressOfTokenUsedAsReward);
token的定義在代碼開頭:

interface token { 
    function transfer(address receiver, uint amount){  }
}

這裏咱們並未實現token合約,只是告訴編譯器咱們的token是一個合約,具備一個transfer()函數,而且在給定的地址上有這個合約。

接下來咱們看看合約如何接收資金,相關代碼以下:

function () {    
    require(!crowdsaleClosed);
    uint amount = msg.value;
    // ...

這個函數很特別,它沒有名字,在solidity中咱們稱之爲回退函數(Fallback function),回退函數沒有參數,也沒有返回值。若是合約接收ether,則必須明肯定義回退函數,不然會觸發異常,並返回ether。接收ether的函數必須帶有關鍵字payable,不然會報錯。

require語句先判斷衆籌是否結束,若是衆籌已經結束,錢將退回給主叫方,避免主叫方出現沒必要要的損失。

部署經過以後能夠用本身的測試帳戶向合約地址轉帳,這樣就能夠參與衆籌了。

衆籌成功後,若是繼續往合約地址轉帳,錢將會退回你的帳戶。

轉載:http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-gioykgld-hb.html

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