官方online ddl

1、5.6版本online DDL

操做 In Place Rebuilds Table Concurrent DML Only Modifies Metadata 說明
add/create secondary index yes No yes* no 當表上有FULLTEXT索引除外,須要鎖表,阻塞寫
drop index yes no yes yes -
add fulltext index yes no no no -
add primary key yes* yes yes no 即便in-place,但須要copy data,不過效率比copy方式高
drop primary key no yes no no 即便in-place,但須要copy data,不過效率比copy方式高
Dropping a primary key and adding another Yes Yes Yes No -
add column yes yes yes* no 自增列阻塞寫
drop column yes yes yes no -
Rename a column yes no yes* yes 只改變列名不改變類型才支持寫
Reorder columns yes yes yes no -
Set default value for a column yes no yes yes -
Change data type of column no yes no no -
Dropping the column default value yes no yes yes -
Changing the auto-increment value yes no yes no* 修改時內存值不是數據文件
Making a column NULL yes yes yes no -
Making a column NOT NULL yes yes yes no -
Modifying the definition of an ENUM or SET column yes no yes yes -
Adding a foreign key constraint yes* no yes yes INPLACE只有在foreign_key_checks=off
Dropping a foreign key constraint yes no yes yes -
Changing the ROW_FORMAT yes yes yes no
Changing the KEY_BLOCK_SIZE yes yes yes no
Convert character set no yes no no -
optimize table yes* yes yes no 從5.6.17支持in-place,但當帶有fulltext index的表用copy table方式而且阻塞寫
alter table...engine=innodb yes* yes yes no 從5.6.17支持in-place,當帶有fulltext index的表用copy table方式而且阻塞寫
Renaming a table yes no yes yes -

2、5.7版本online DDL(僅突出與5.6不一樣的地方,列出以下(未列出的同5.6))

操做 In Place Rebuilds Table Concurrent DML Only Modifies Metadata 說明
Renaming an index yes no yes yes 5.7新增
Adding a SPATIAL index Yes No No No 5.7新增
Extending VARCHAR column size Yes No Yes Yes 5.7新增,只能在[0-255],[256-~]字節區間擴大

一、擴展varchar長度測試算法

1.1)varchar從大變小session

操做 In Place Rebuilds Table Concurrent DML Only Modifies Metadata 說明
varchar從大變小 no yes no no 阻塞DML

1.2) varchar從小變大測試

對於大小爲0到255字節的VARCHAR列,須要一個長度字節來編碼該值。對於大小爲256或更多的字節的VARCHAR列,須要兩個長度字節。
所以,in-place算法更改表只支持將VARCHAR列的大小從0字節增長到255字節,或者從256字節增長到更大的值。
in-place算法不支持將VARCHAR列的大小從小於256字節增長到等於或大於256字節的大小,由於在這種狀況下,所需長度字節的數量從1變化到2,只能經過copy方式實現。
好比將VARARAR(255字節)更改成VARCHAR(256字節),只能copy算法而且阻塞寫

-------------------測試---------------------
```
說明:採用utf8,若是存中文字符,一個字符須要3個字節,所以255字節對應最大字符數是varchar(85),也就是[0-255]對應varchar(0-85),[256-~]對應varchar(86-~)ui

表結構:
create table varchar_test(
c1 varchar(1) not null default '0'
);this

1)採用online方式,擴大到85字符---支持
    alter table varchar_test change c1 c1 varchar(85) not null default '0',ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
2)採用online方式,擴大到86字符---不支持
   alter table varchar_test change c1 c1 varchar(86) not null default '0',ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
   ERROR 1846 (0A000): ALGORITHM=INPLACE is not supported. Reason: Cannot change column type INPLACE. Try ALGORITHM=COPY.
   
3)採用copy方式
   alter table varchar_test change c1 c1 varchar(86) not null default '0',ALGORITHM=copy;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 1  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

4)採用online方式,從86擴大到259字符---支持
   alter table varchar_test change c1 c1 varchar(259) not null default '0',ALGORITHM=INPLACE, LOCK=NONE;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
## 3、8.0版本online DDL(僅列出與5.7不一樣的地方)

Operation|  Instant |In Place|  Rebuilds Table| Permits Concurrent DML| Only Modifies Metadata|desc
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
add column|yes*|yes|yes|yes*|no|自增列阻塞寫
modify index type|yes|yes|no|yes|yes|-

**三、實現原理**
目標表T1上MDL(SHARED_NO_WRITE),阻塞全部寫操做
判斷是否符合在線加字段的條件,如符合,執行步驟3,不然按照官方方式來新增字段。
建立跟目標表T1同構的臨時表frm文件S1.frm(含新增字段)
目標表T1的字典鎖升級爲排它鎖,全部關於T1表的全部讀寫操做被阻塞
修改T1表InnoDB內部數據字典信息,增長新字段。
將S1.frm重命名爲T1.frm
釋放表T1的字典鎖
**二、支持instant的ddl**

Change index option
Rename table (in ALTER way)
SET/DROP DEFAULT
MODIFY COLUMN
Add/drop virtual columns
Add columns– We call this instant ADD COLUMN編碼

**四、使用最新算法instant條件:**

1)不能合併寫到其餘不支持instant算法的alter 語句後面;code

alter table sbtest1 add index idx_2(k),add c5 varchar(10) not null default '0' ,ALGORITHM=instant;
ERROR 1845 (0A000): ALGORITHM=INSTANT is not supported for this operation. Try ALGORITHM=COPY/INPLACE.orm

2) 不支持before和after關鍵字,只能默認的加到最後一列;blog

alter table sbtest1 add c2 varchar(10) not null default '0';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0索引

alter table sbtest1 add c4 varchar(10) not null default '0' after id;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (26.42 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

alter table sbtest1 add c5 varchar(10) not null default '0' after id,ALGORITHM=instant;
ERROR 1845 (0A000): ALGORITHM=INSTANT is not supported for this operation. Try ALGORITHM=COPY/INPLACE.

3)不支持ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED類型的表;

root:sbtest> show table status like 'sbtest1'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: sbtest1
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Compressed
Rows: 9906340
Avg_row_length: 73
Data_length: 724033536
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 101171200
Data_free: 3145728
Auto_increment: 20000020
Create_time: 2018-10-21 15:48:22
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: utf8_general_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options: max_rows=100000000 row_format=COMPRESSED
Comment:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

root:sbtest>
root:sbtest> alter table sbtest1 add c5 varchar(10) not null default '0',ALGORITHM=instant;
ERROR 1845 (0A000): ALGORITHM=INSTANT is not supported for this operation. Try ALGORITHM=COPY/INPLACE.
root:sbtest>

4)表上有FULLTEXT index,不支持instant算法;

5)不支持臨時表加字段;

6)若是表上存在大事務,instant也會被阻塞

## 6、官方online ddl限制

![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/818283/201811/818283-20181103182516815-346174374.png)


**一、大事務可能引發MDL鎖(即便是8.0.12 instant方式也是須要獲取MDL鎖的)**

session 1:
alter table sbtest1 ALGORITHM=INPLACE,drop column c2 ;

session2:寫入事務未提交
set autocommit=0;
begin;
insert into sbtest1(c) values("session2"); --當執行後,session 1將被阻塞,狀態有alter table -->Waiting for table metadata lock

session3:
insert into sbtest1(c) values("session2"); --被阻塞

結論發現:

dbadmin:sbtest> show processlist;

+----------+---------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----------+---------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| 78213439 | dbadmin | localhost | sbtest | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist |
| 78213440 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 1763 | Waiting for table metadata lock | alter table sbtest1 ALGORITHM=INPLACE,drop column c2 |
| 78213441 | dbadmin | localhost | sbtest | Query | 1373 | Waiting for table metadata lock | insert into sbtest1(c) values("darren") |

```

通過漫長的時間,發現session2 插入語句被回滾了(由於客戶端鏈接超過30分鐘斷開致使未提交的事務自動回滾),session 1和session 3執行成功。

二、online ddl沒法暫停和進度監控

三、online ddl大表可能致使從庫延遲嚴重

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