python如何調用腳本或者shell指令?python
方法1:
mysql
os.system()sql
只獲得命令成功與否的執行狀態shell
>>> import os >>> os.system('free -m') total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 474 463 11 0 13 29 -/+ buffers/cache: 420 54 Swap: 1023 415 608 >>> ret=os.system('free -m') total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 474 464 10 0 12 30 -/+ buffers/cache: 420 53 Swap: 1023 415 608 >>> print ret #返回狀態碼是0,表示shell執行成功 0
方法2:bash
os.popenpython2.7
經過 os.popen() 返回的是 file read 的對象,對其進行讀取 read() 的操做能夠看到執行的輸出。可是沒法讀取程序執行的返回值)ide
>>> import os >>> output = os.popen('free -mt') >>> print output.read() total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3445 215 64 4162 3864 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3716 3016
方法3:函數
commands.getstatusoutput() && commands.getoutput() this
commands.getstatusoutput() 既能夠輸出執行成功與否的狀態,也會輸出執行結果spa
commands.getoutput() 只輸出執行結果
>>> import commands >>> (status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('free -mt') >>> print status 0 >>> print output total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3475 188 64 4159 3834 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3746 2989 >>> output = commands.getoutput('free -mt') >>> print output total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3475 188 64 4159 3834 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3746 2989
當命令調用錯誤時:
>>> (status, output) = commands.getstatusoutput('free -aaa') >>> print status 256 >>> print output free: invalid option -- 'a' Usage: free [options] Options: -b, --bytes show output in bytes -k, --kilo show output in kilobytes -m, --mega show output in megabytes -g, --giga show output in gigabytes --tera show output in terabytes -h, --human show human-readable output --si use powers of 1000 not 1024 -l, --lohi show detailed low and high memory statistics -t, --total show total for RAM + swap -s N, --seconds N repeat printing every N seconds -c N, --count N repeat printing N times, then exit -w, --wide wide output --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit For more details see free(1).
方法4:
subprocess子進程(功能強大,最常使用的方式)
subprocess模塊是python從2.4版本開始引入的模塊。主要用來取代 一些舊的模塊方法,如os.system、os.spawn*、os.popen*、commands.*等。subprocess經過子進程來執行外部指令,並經過input/output/error管道,獲取子進程的執行的返回信息。
(1)subprocess.call執行命令,並返回狀態,相似os.system(),shell=True能夠直接調用命令,而shell=False命令和參數須要分開
>>> output = subprocess.call(['free','-mt'],shell=False) total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3446 209 64 4167 3863 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3716 3011 >>> print output 0 >>> output = subprocess.call('free -mt',shell=True) total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3445 209 64 4167 3863 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3716 3010 >>> print output 0
(2)subprocess.check_call 用法與subprocess.call()相似,區別是,當返回值不爲0時,還會拋出python層面的異常
>>> output = subprocess.call('la -ltrh',shell=True) /bin/sh: la: command not found >>> output = subprocess.check_call('la -ltrh',shell=True) /bin/sh: la: command not found Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 542, in check_call raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd) subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'la -ltrh' returned non-zero exit status 127
(3)suprocess.Popen()
在一些複雜場景中,咱們須要將一個進程的執行輸出做爲另外一個進程的輸入。在另外一些場景中,咱們須要先進入到某個輸入環境,而後再執行一系列的指令等。這個時候咱們就須要使用到suprocess.Popen()方法。該方法有如下參數:
args:shell命令,能夠是字符串,或者序列類型,如list,tuple。
stdin,stdout,stderr:分別表示程序的標準輸入,標準輸出及標準錯誤
shell:True或False
cwd:用於設置子進程的當前目錄
env:用於指定子進程的環境變量。若是env=None,則默認從父進程繼承環境變量
universal_newlines:不一樣系統的的換行符不一樣,當該參數設定爲true時,則表示使用\n做爲換行符
如:在/usr/local/mysql下建立一個suprocesstest的目錄:
>>> output = subprocess.Popen('mkdir subprocesstest',shell=True,cwd='/usr/local/mysql') >>> output = subprocess.Popen('ls -ld sub*',shell=True,cwd='/usr/local/mysql') drwxr-xr-x 2 mysqladmin dba 6 Mar 5 16:12 subprocesstest
使用標準輸出stdout和標準錯誤stderr,不會把輸出結果返回到顯示屏上
>>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('free -mt',shell=True) >>> total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7823 3446 204 64 4172 3863 Swap: 3071 270 2801 Total: 10895 3716 3006 >>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('free -mt',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> output = child1.communicate() >>> print output (' total used free shared buff/cache available\nMem: 7823 3446 201 64 4175 3862\nSwap: 3071 270 2801\nTotal: 10895 3717 3002\n', None) >>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('lss',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE) /bin/sh: lss: command not found >>> child1 = subprocess.Popen('lss',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE) >>> output = child1.communicate() >>> print output ('', '/bin/sh: lss: command not found\n')
將一個子進程的輸出,做爲另外一個子進程的輸入,至關於管道,如:cat /etc/passwd|grep 'root'
>>> import subprocess >>> child1 = subprocess.Popen(["cat","/etc/passwd"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> child2 = subprocess.Popen(["grep","root"],stdin=child1.stdout, stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> output = child2.communicate() >>> print output ('root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\noperator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin\n', None)
封裝一個函數:功能是調用系統命令:
import subprocess def f1(cmd): a = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) output = a.stdout.read() code = a.wait() return code, output print f1('ls') print f1('lll') 輸出結果: >>> print f1('ls') (0, 'tb.txt\ntest2.py\ntest.py\n') >>> print f1('lll') (127, '/bin/sh: lll: command not found\n')