原文連接:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-tr...php
PHP是單繼承的語言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出現以前,PHP的類沒法同時從兩個基類繼承屬性或方法。php的Traits和Go語言的組合功能相似,經過在類中使用use關鍵字聲明要組合的Trait名稱,而具體某個Trait的聲明使用trait關鍵詞,Trait不能直接實例化。具體用法請看下面的代碼:app
<?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'trait'; public function driving() { echo "driving {$this->carName}\n"; } } class Person { public function eat() { echo "eat\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function study() { echo "study\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->study(); $student->eat(); $student->driving();
輸出結果以下:測試
study eat driving trait
上面的例子中,Student類經過繼承Person,有了eat方法,經過組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName。this
若是Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個同名的屬性或者方法,最終會保留哪個呢?經過下面的代碼測試一下:spa
<?php trait Drive { public function hello() { echo "hello drive\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from drive\n"; } } class Person { public function hello() { echo "hello person\n"; } public function driving() { echo "driving from person\n"; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function hello() { echo "hello student\n"; } } $student = new Student(); $student->hello(); $student->driving();
輸出結果以下:.net
hello student driving from drive
所以得出結論:當方法或屬性同名時,當前類中的方法會覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。code
若是要組合多個Trait,經過逗號分隔 Trait名稱:blog
use Trait1, Trait2;
若是多個Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時,會怎樣呢?答案是當組合的多個Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時,須要明確聲明解決衝突,不然會產生一個致命錯誤。繼承
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2; }
輸出結果以下:rem
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操做符來解決衝突,insteadof是使用某個方法替代另外一個,而as是給方法取一個別名,具體用法請看代碼:
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi\n"; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello\n"; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi\n"; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); $Obj1->hi(); echo "\n"; $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); $Obj2->hi(); $Obj2->hei(); $Obj2->hehe();
輸出結果以下:
Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hello Trait1::hi Trait2::hi Trait1::hello
as關鍵詞還有另一個用途,那就是修改方法
的訪問控制:
<?php trait Hello { public function hello() { echo "hello,trait\n"; } } class Class1 { use Hello { hello as protected; } } class Class2 { use Hello { Hello::hello as private hi; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); # 報致命錯誤,由於hello方法被修改爲受保護的 $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); # 原來的hello方法仍然是公共的 $Obj2->hi(); # 報致命錯誤,由於別名hi方法被修改爲私有的
Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態屬性及靜態方法,測試代碼以下:
<?php trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo "Hello\n"; } } trait World { use Hello; public function sayWorld() { echo "World\n"; } abstract public function getWorld(); public function inc() { static $c = 0; $c = $c + 1; echo "$c\n"; } public static function doSomething() { echo "Doing something\n"; } } class HelloWorld { use World; public function getWorld() { return 'get World'; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld(); $Obj->sayHello(); $Obj->sayWorld(); echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n"; HelloWorld::doSomething(); $Obj->inc(); $Obj->inc();
輸出結果以下:
Hello World get World Doing something 1 2