PHP中的Traits詳解

原文連接:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-tr...php

PHP是單繼承的語言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出現以前,PHP的類沒法同時從兩個基類繼承屬性或方法。php的Traits和Go語言的組合功能相似,經過在類中使用use關鍵字聲明要組合的Trait名稱,而具體某個Trait的聲明使用trait關鍵詞,Trait不能直接實例化。具體用法請看下面的代碼:app

<?php
    trait Drive {
        public $carName = 'trait';
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";
        }
    }
    class Person {
        public function eat() {
            echo "eat\n";
        }
    }
    class Student extends Person {
        use Drive;
        public function study() {
            echo "study\n";
        }
    }
    $student = new Student();
    $student->study();
    $student->eat();
    $student->driving();

輸出結果以下:測試

study
eat
driving trait

上面的例子中,Student類經過繼承Person,有了eat方法,經過組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName。this

若是Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個同名的屬性或者方法,最終會保留哪個呢?經過下面的代碼測試一下:spa

<?php 
    trait Drive {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello drive\n";
        }
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving from drive\n";
        }
    }
    class Person {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello person\n";
        }
        public function driving() {
            echo "driving from person\n";
        }
    }
    class Student extends Person {
        use Drive;
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello student\n";
        }
    }
    $student = new Student();
    $student->hello();
    $student->driving();

輸出結果以下:.net

hello student
driving from drive

所以得出結論:當方法或屬性同名時,當前類中的方法會覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。code

若是要組合多個Trait,經過逗號分隔 Trait名稱:blog

use Trait1, Trait2;

若是多個Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時,會怎樣呢?答案是當組合的多個Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時,須要明確聲明解決衝突,不然會產生一個致命錯誤。繼承

<?php
trait Trait1 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait1::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait1::hi\n";
    }
}
trait Trait2 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait2::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait2::hi\n";
    }
}
class Class1 {
    use Trait1, Trait2;
}

輸出結果以下:rem

PHP Fatal error:  Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20

使用insteadof和as操做符來解決衝突,insteadof是使用某個方法替代另外一個,而as是給方法取一個別名,具體用法請看代碼:

<?php
trait Trait1 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait1::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait1::hi\n";
    }
}
trait Trait2 {
    public function hello() {
        echo "Trait2::hello\n";
    }
    public function hi() {
        echo "Trait2::hi\n";
    }
}
class Class1 {
    use Trait1, Trait2 {
        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
    }
}
class Class2 {
    use Trait1, Trait2 {
        Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
        Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
        Trait2::hi as hei;
        Trait1::hello as hehe;
    }
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello();
$Obj1->hi();
echo "\n";
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello();
$Obj2->hi();
$Obj2->hei();
$Obj2->hehe();

輸出結果以下:

Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi

Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello

as關鍵詞還有另一個用途,那就是修改方法的訪問控制:

<?php
    trait Hello {
        public function hello() {
            echo "hello,trait\n";
        }
    }
    class Class1 {
        use Hello {
            hello as protected;
        }
    }
    class Class2 {
        use Hello {
            Hello::hello as private hi;
        }
    }
    $Obj1 = new Class1();
    $Obj1->hello(); # 報致命錯誤,由於hello方法被修改爲受保護的
    $Obj2 = new Class2();
    $Obj2->hello(); # 原來的hello方法仍然是公共的
    $Obj2->hi();  # 報致命錯誤,由於別名hi方法被修改爲私有的

Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態屬性及靜態方法,測試代碼以下:

<?php
trait Hello {
    public function sayHello() {
        echo "Hello\n";
    }
}
trait World {
    use Hello;
    public function sayWorld() {
        echo "World\n";
    }
    abstract public function getWorld();
    public function inc() {
        static $c = 0;
        $c = $c + 1;
        echo "$c\n";
    }
    public static function doSomething() {
        echo "Doing something\n";
    }
}
class HelloWorld {
    use World;
    public function getWorld() {
        return 'get World';
    }
}
$Obj = new HelloWorld();
$Obj->sayHello();
$Obj->sayWorld();
echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";
HelloWorld::doSomething();
$Obj->inc();
$Obj->inc();

輸出結果以下:

Hello
World
get World
Doing something
1
2

打賞做者

原文連接:http://tabalt.net/blog/php-tr...

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