mysql表的完整性約束

概覽

爲了防止不符合規範的數據進入數據庫，在用戶對數據進行插入、修改、刪除等操做時，DBMS自動按照必定的約束條件對數據進行監測，

使不符合規範的數據不能進入數據庫，以確保數據庫中存儲的數據正確、有效、相容。 

約束條件與數據類型的寬度同樣，都是可選參數，主要分爲如下幾種：

# NOT NULL ：非空約束，指定某列不能爲空； 
# UNIQUE : 惟一約束，指定某列或者幾列組合不能重複
# PRIMARY KEY ：主鍵，指定該列的值能夠惟一地標識該列記錄
# FOREIGN KEY ：外鍵，指定該行記錄從屬於主表中的一條記錄，主要用於參照完整性

NOT NULL

是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空 

mysql> create table t12 (id int not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from t12;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc t12;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

#不能向id列插入空元素。 
mysql> insert into t12 values (null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot be null

mysql> insert into t12 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

not null示例

not null示例

DEFAULT

默認值，建立列時能夠指定默認值，當插入數據時若是未主動設置，則自動添加默認值

mysql> create table t13 (id1 int not null,id2 int not null default 222);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc t13;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(11) | NO   |     | 222     |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 只向id1字段添加值，會發現id2字段會使用默認值填充
mysql> insert into t13 (id1) values (111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
+-----+-----+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# id1字段不能爲空，因此不能單獨向id2字段填充值；
mysql> insert into t13 (id2) values (223);
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id1' doesn't have a default value

# 向id1，id2中分別填充數據，id2的填充數據會覆蓋默認值
mysql> insert into t13 (id1,id2) values (112,223);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t13;
+-----+-----+
| id1 | id2 |
+-----+-----+
| 111 | 222 |
| 112 | 223 |
+-----+-----+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

not null + default 示例

not null + default 示例

UNIQUE

惟一約束，指定某列或者幾列組合不能重複

方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);


方法二：
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
unique(name)
);


mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技術');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'

unique示例

unique示例

mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

not null 和unique的結合

not null 和unique的結合

create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #聯合惟一
);

mysql> insert into service values
    -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
    -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
    -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'

聯合惟一

聯合惟一

PRIMARY KEY

主鍵爲了保證表中的每一條數據的該字段都是表格中的惟一值。換言之，它是用來獨一無二地確認一個表格中的每一行數據。 
主鍵能夠包含一個字段或多個字段。當主鍵包含多個欄位時，稱爲組合鍵 (Composite Key),也能夠叫聯合主鍵。
主鍵能夠在建置新表格時設定 (運用 CREATE TABLE 語句)，或是以改變現有的表格架構方式設定 (運用 ALTER TABLE)。
主鍵必須惟一，主鍵值非空；能夠是單一字段，也能夠是多字段組合。

1.單字段主鍵

============單列作主鍵===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主鍵
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#方法二：在某一個字段後用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主鍵
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);

mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#方法三：在全部字段後單獨定義primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
primary key(id); #建立主鍵併爲其命名pk_name

mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 方法四：給已經建成的表添加主鍵約束
mysql> create table department4(
    -> id int,
    -> name varchar(20),
    -> comment varchar(100));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table department4 modify id int primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc department4;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

單字段主鍵

2.多字段主鍵

==================多列作主鍵================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);


mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into service values
    -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
    -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'

多字段主鍵

AUTO_INCREMENT

#不指定id，則自動增加
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
    -> ('egon'),
    -> ('alex')
    -> ;

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
|  2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+


#也能夠指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex    |
+----+------+--------+
|  1 | egon | male   |
|  2 | alex | male   |
|  4 | asb  | female |
|  7 | wsb  | female |
+----+------+--------+


#對於自增的字段，在用delete刪除後，再插入值，該字段仍按照刪除前的位置繼續增加
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  8 | ysb  | male |
+----+------+------+

#應該用truncate清空表，比起delete一條一條地刪除記錄，truncate是直接清空表，在刪除大表時用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

設置auto_increment

FOREIKEY

多表 ：

假設咱們要描述全部公司的員工，須要描述的屬性有這些 ： 工號 姓名 部門

公司有3個部門，可是有1個億的員工，那意味着部門這個字段須要重複存儲，部門名字越長，越浪費

解決方法： 咱們徹底能夠定義一個部門表 而後讓員工信息表關聯該表，如何關聯，即foreign key

mysql> create table departments (dep_id int(4),dep_name varchar(11));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc departments;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 建立外鍵不成功
mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key 

# 設置dep_id非空，仍然不能成功建立外鍵
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc departments;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint

# 當設置字段爲unique惟一字段時，設置該字段爲外鍵成功
mysql> alter table departments modify dep_id int(4) unique;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc departments;                                                                                                       +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| dep_id   | int(4)      | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
| dep_name | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> create table staff_info (s_id int,name varchar(20),dep_id int,foreign key(dep_id) references departments(dep_id));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

創造外鍵的條件

創造外鍵的條件

#表類型必須是innodb存儲引擎，且被關聯的字段，即references指定的另一個表的字段，必須保證惟一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;

#dpt_id外鍵，關聯父表（department主鍵id），同步更新，同步刪除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade  # 連級刪除
on update cascade # 連級更新
)engine=innodb;


#先往父表department中插入記錄
insert into department values
(1,'教質部'),
(2,'技術部'),
(3,'人力資源部');


#再往子表employee中插入記錄
insert into employee values
(1,'yuan',1),
(2,'nezha',2),
(3,'egon',2),
(4,'alex',2),
(5,'wusir',3),
(6,'李沁洋',3),
(7,'皮卡丘',3),
(8,'程咬金',3),
(9,'程咬銀',3)
;


#刪父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着刪
mysql> delete from department where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name      | dpt_id |
+----+-----------+--------+
|  1 | yuan      |      1 |
|  5 | wusir     |      3 |
|  6 | 李沁洋    |      3 |
|  7 | 皮卡丘    |      3 |
|  8 | 程咬金    |      3 |
|  9 | 程咬銀    |      3 |
+----+-----------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)


#更新父表department，子表employee中對應的記錄跟着改
mysql> update department set id=2 where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name      | dpt_id |
+----+-----------+--------+
|  1 | yuan      |      1 |
|  5 | wusir     |      2 |
|  6 | 李沁洋    |      2 |
|  7 | 皮卡丘    |      2 |
|  8 | 程咬金    |      2 |
|  9 | 程咬銀    |      2 |
+----+-----------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

外鍵操做示例

外鍵操做示例

 

咱們總結一下foreign key的下面幾個約束做用：

一、先要創建被關聯的表才能創建關聯表

二、在插入數據記錄的時候，要先想被關聯表中插入數據，才能往關聯表裏面插入數據

三、更新或者刪除數據的時候，都須要考慮關聯表和被關聯表的關係

　解決方案：

a.刪除表的時候，先刪除關聯表，再刪除被關聯表

b.重建表的時候，在加外鍵關聯的時候加上這兩句：on delete cascade 和 on update cascade

外鍵約束有三種約束模式（都是針對父表的約束）：

　　　　模式一： district 嚴格約束（默認的 ），父表不能刪除或者更新已經被子表數據引用的記錄

　　　　模式二：cascade 級聯模式：父表的操做，對應的子表關聯的數據也跟着操做 。

　　　　模式三：set null：置空模式，父表操做以後，子表對應的數據（外鍵字段）也跟着被置空。

　　　　一般的一個合理的約束模式是：刪除的時候子表置空；更新的時候子表級聯。

　　　　指定模式的語法：foreign key(外鍵字段)references 父表(主鍵字段)on delete 模式 on update 模式;

　　　　注意：刪除置空的前提條件是 外鍵字段容許爲空，否則外鍵會建立失敗。

　　　　外鍵雖然很強大，可以進行各類約束，可是外鍵的約束下降了數據的可控性和可拓展性。一般在實際開發時，不多使用外鍵來約束。