最近有朋友在面試的時候被問了select 和epoll效率差的緣由,和通常人同樣,大部分都會回答select是輪詢、epoll是觸發式的,因此效率高。這個答案聽上去很完美,大體也說出了兩者的主要區別。
今天閒來無事,翻看了下內核代碼,結合內核代碼和你們分享下個人觀點。
1、鏈接數
我本人也曾經在項目中用過select和epoll,對於select,感觸最深的是linux下select最大數目限制(windows 下彷佛沒有限制),每一個進程的select最多能處理FD_SETSIZE個FD(文件句柄),
若是要處理超過1024個句柄,只能採用多進程了。
常見的使用slect的多進程模型是這樣的: 一個進程專門accept,成功後將fd經過unix socket傳遞給子進程處理,父進程能夠根據子進程負載分派。曾經用過1個父進程+4個子進程 承載了超過4000個的負載。
這種模型在咱們當時的業務運行的很是好。epoll在鏈接數方面沒有限制,固然可能須要用戶調用API重現設置進程的資源限制。
2、IO差異
一、select的實現
這段能夠結合linux內核代碼描述了,我使用的是2.6.28,其餘2.6的代碼應該差很少吧。
先看看select:
select系統調用的代碼在fs/Select.c下,
- asmlinkage long sys_select(int n, fd_set __user *inp, fd_set __user *outp,
- fd_set __user *exp, struct timeval __user *tvp)
- {
- struct timespec end_time, *to = NULL;
- struct timeval tv;
- int ret;
- if (tvp) {
- if (copy_from_user(&tv, tvp, sizeof(tv)))
- return -EFAULT;
- to = &end_time;
- if (poll_select_set_timeout(to,
- tv.tv_sec + (tv.tv_usec / USEC_PER_SEC),
- (tv.tv_usec % USEC_PER_SEC) * NSEC_PER_USEC))
- return -EINVAL;
- }
- ret = core_sys_select(n, inp, outp, exp, to);
- ret = poll_select_copy_remaining(&end_time, tvp, 1, ret);
- return ret;
- }
前面是從用戶控件拷貝各個fd_set到內核空間,接下來的具體工做在core_sys_select中,
- core_sys_select->do_select,真正的核心內容在do_select裏:
- int do_select(int n, fd_set_bits *fds, struct timespec *end_time)
- {
- ktime_t expire, *to = NULL;
- struct poll_wqueues table;
- poll_table *wait;
- int retval, i, timed_out = 0;
- unsigned long slack = 0;
- rcu_read_lock();
- retval = max_select_fd(n, fds);
- rcu_read_unlock();
- if (retval < 0)
- return retval;
- n = retval;
- poll_initwait(&table);
- wait = &table.pt;
- if (end_time && !end_time->tv_sec && !end_time->tv_nsec) {
- wait = NULL;
- timed_out = 1;
- }
- if (end_time && !timed_out)
- slack = estimate_accuracy(end_time);
- retval = 0;
- for (;;) {
- unsigned long *rinp, *routp, *rexp, *inp, *outp, *exp;
- set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
- inp = fds->in; outp = fds->out; exp = fds->ex;
- rinp = fds->res_in; routp = fds->res_out; rexp = fds->res_ex;
- for (i = 0; i < n; ++rinp, ++routp, ++rexp) {
- unsigned long in, out, ex, all_bits, bit = 1, mask, j;
- unsigned long res_in = 0, res_out = 0, res_ex = 0;
- const struct file_operations *f_op = NULL;
- struct file *file = NULL;
- in = *inp++; out = *outp++; ex = *exp++;
- all_bits = in | out | ex;
- if (all_bits == 0) {
- i += __NFDBITS;
- continue;
- }
- for (j = 0; j < __NFDBITS; ++j, ++i, bit <<= 1) {
- int fput_needed;
- if (i >= n)
- break;
- if (!(bit & all_bits))
- continue;
- file = fget_light(i, &fput_needed);
- if (file) {
- f_op = file->f_op;
- mask = DEFAULT_POLLMASK;
- if (f_op && f_op->poll)
- mask = (*f_op->poll)(file, retval ? NULL : wait);
- fput_light(file, fput_needed);
- if ((mask & POLLIN_SET) && (in & bit)) {
- res_in |= bit;
- retval++;
- }
- if ((mask & POLLOUT_SET) && (out & bit)) {
- res_out |= bit;
- retval++;
- }
- if ((mask & POLLEX_SET) && (ex & bit)) {
- res_ex |= bit;
- retval++;
- }
- }
- }
- if (res_in)
- *rinp = res_in;
- if (res_out)
- *routp = res_out;
- if (res_ex)
- *rexp = res_ex;
- cond_resched();
- }
- wait = NULL;
- if (retval || timed_out || signal_pending(current))
- break;
- if (table.error) {
- retval = table.error;
- break;
- }
- /*
- * If this is the first loop and we have a timeout
- * given, then we convert to ktime_t and set the to
- * pointer to the expiry value.
- */
- if (end_time && !to) {
- expire = timespec_to_ktime(*end_time);
- to = &expire;
- }
- if (!schedule_hrtimeout_range(to, slack, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS))
- timed_out = 1;
- }
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
- poll_freewait(&table);
- return retval;
- }
上面的代碼不少,其實真正關鍵的代碼是這一句:
- mask = (*f_op->poll)(file, retval ? NULL : wait);
這個是調用文件系統的 poll函數,不一樣的文件系統poll函數天然不一樣,因爲咱們這裏關注的是tcp鏈接,而socketfs的註冊在 net/Socket.c裏。
register_filesystem(&sock_fs_type);
socket文件系統的函數也是在net/Socket.c裏:
- static const struct file_operations socket_file_ops = {
- .owner = THIS_MODULE,
- .llseek = no_llseek,
- .aio_read = sock_aio_read,
- .aio_write = sock_aio_write,
- .poll = sock_poll,
- .unlocked_ioctl = sock_ioctl,
- #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
- .compat_ioctl = compat_sock_ioctl,
- #endif
- .mmap = sock_mmap,
- .open = sock_no_open, /* special open code to disallow open via /proc */
- .release = sock_close,
- .fasync = sock_fasync,
- .sendpage = sock_sendpage,
- .splice_write = generic_splice_sendpage,
- .splice_read = sock_splice_read,
- };
從sock_poll跟隨下去,
最後能夠到 net/ipv4/tcp.c的
unsigned int tcp_poll(struct file *file, struct socket *sock, poll_table *wait)
這個是最終的查詢函數,
也就是說select 的核心功能是調用tcp文件系統的poll函數,不停的查詢,若是沒有想要的數據,主動執行一次調度(防止一直佔用cpu),直到有一個鏈接有想要的消息爲止。
從這裏能夠看出select的執行方式基本就是不一樣的調用poll,直到有須要的消息爲止,若是select 處理的socket不少,這其實對整個機器的性能也是一個消耗。
二、epoll的實現
epoll的實現代碼在 fs/EventPoll.c下,
因爲epoll涉及到幾個系統調用,這裏不逐個分析了,僅僅分析幾個關鍵點,
第一個關鍵點在
static int ep_insert(struct eventpoll *ep, struct epoll_event *event,
struct file *tfile, int fd)
這是在咱們調用sys_epoll_ctl 添加一個被管理socket的時候調用的函數,關鍵的幾行以下:
epq.epi = epi;
init_poll_funcptr(&epq.pt, ep_ptable_queue_proc);
/*
* Attach the item to the poll hooks and get current event bits.
* We can safely use the file* here because its usage count has
* been increased by the caller of this function. Note that after
* this operation completes, the poll callback can start hitting
* the new item.
*/
revents = tfile->f_op->poll(tfile, &epq.pt);
這裏也是調用文件系統的poll函數,不過此次初始化了一個結構,這個結構會帶有一個poll函數的callback函數:ep_ptable_queue_proc,
在調用poll函數的時候,會執行這個callback,這個callback的功能就是將當前進程添加到 socket的等待進程上。
- static void ep_ptable_queue_proc(struct file *file, wait_queue_head_t *whead,
- poll_table *pt)
- {
- struct epitem *epi = ep_item_from_epqueue(pt);
- struct eppoll_entry *pwq;
- if (epi->nwait >= 0 && (pwq = kmem_cache_alloc(pwq_cache, GFP_KERNEL))) {
- init_waitqueue_func_entry(&pwq->wait, ep_poll_callback);
- pwq->whead = whead;
- pwq->base = epi;
- add_wait_queue(whead, &pwq->wait);
- list_add_tail(&pwq->llink, &epi->pwqlist);
- epi->nwait++;
- } else {
- /* We have to signal that an error occurred */
- epi->nwait = -1;
- }
- }
注意到參數 whead 其實是 sk->sleep,其實就是將當前進程添加到sk的等待隊列裏,當該socket收到數據或者其餘事件觸發時,會調用
sock_def_readable 或者sock_def_write_space 通知函數來喚醒等待進程,這2個函數都是在socket建立的時候填充在sk結構裏的。
從前面的分析來看,epoll確實是比select聰明的多、輕鬆的多,不用再苦哈哈的去輪詢了。