http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/listcss
官方UserGuide:http://seleniumhq.org/docs/java
咱們經常使用的瀏覽器有firefox和IE兩種,firefox是selenium支持得比較成熟的瀏覽器。可是作頁面的測試,速度一般很慢,嚴重影 響持續集成的速度,這個時候建議使用HtmlUnit,不過HtmlUnitDirver運行時是看不到界面的,對調試就不方便了。使用哪一種瀏覽器,能夠 作成配置項,根據須要靈活配置。web
//Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver瀏覽器
WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();服務器
//Create a newinstance of the Internet Explorer drivercookie
WebDriver driver = newInternetExplorerDriver ();app
//Createa new instance of the Internet Explorer driver dom
WebDriverdriver = new HtmlUnitDriver();ide
對頁面對測試,首先要打開被測試頁面的地址(如:http://www.google.com),web driver 提供的get方法能夠打開一個頁面:post
// And now use thedriver to visit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
package org.openqa.selenium.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
public class Selenium2Example {
public static voidmain(String[] args) {
// Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver
// Notice that theremainder of the code relies on the interface,
// not the implementation.
WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();
// And now use this tovisit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// Alternatively thesame thing can be done like this
// driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");
// Find the text inputelement by its name
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something tosearch for
element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
// Now submit the form.WebDriver will find the form for us from the element
element.submit();
// Check the title ofthe page
System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
// Google's search isrendered dynamically with JavaScript.
// Wait for the pageto load, timeout after 10 seconds
(newWebDriverWait(driver, 10)).until(new ExpectedCondition<Boolean>() {
public Booleanapply(WebDriver d) {
returnd.getTitle().toLowerCase().startsWith("cheese!");
}
});
// Should see:"cheese! - Google Search"
System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
//Close the browser
driver.quit();
}
}
優勢:HtmlUnit Driver不會實際打開瀏覽器,運行速度很快。對於用FireFox等瀏覽器來作測試的自動化測試用例,運行速度一般很慢,HtmlUnit Driver無疑是能夠很好地解決這個問題。
缺點:它對JavaScript的支持不夠好,當頁面上有複雜JavaScript時,常常會捕獲不到頁面元素。
使用:
WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
優勢:FireFox Dirver對頁面的自動化測試支持得比較好,很直觀地模擬頁面的操做,對JavaScript的支持也很是完善,基本上頁面上作的全部操做FireFox Driver均可以模擬。
缺點:啓動很慢,運行也比較慢,不過,啓動以後Webdriver的操做速度雖然不快但仍是能夠接受的,建議不要頻繁啓停FireFox Driver。
使用:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
Firefox profile的屬性值是能夠改變的,好比咱們平時使用得很是頻繁的改變useragent的功能,能夠這樣修改:
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override", "some UAstring");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
優勢:直觀地模擬用戶的實際操做,對JavaScript提供完善的支持。
缺點:是全部瀏覽器中運行速度最慢的,而且只能在Windows下運行,對CSS以及XPATH的支持也不夠好。
使用:
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
Webdriver的findElement方法能夠用來找到頁面的某個元素,最經常使用的方法是用id和name查找。下面介紹幾種比較經常使用的方法。
假設頁面寫成這樣:
<input type="text" name="passwd"id="passwd-id" />
那麼能夠這樣找到頁面的元素:
經過id查找:
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));
或經過name查找:
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("passwd"));
或經過xpath查找:
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']"));
假設頁面寫成這樣:
<div class="cheese"><span>Cheddar</span></div><divclass="cheese"><span>Gouda</span></div>
能夠經過這樣查找頁面元素:
List<WebElement>cheeses = driver.findElements(By.className("cheese"));
假設頁面元素寫成這樣:
<ahref="http://www.google.com/search?q=cheese">cheese</a>>
那麼能夠經過這樣查找:
WebElement cheese =driver.findElement(By.linkText("cheese"));
找到頁面元素後,怎樣對頁面進行操做呢?咱們能夠根據不一樣的類型的元素來進行一一說明。
找到輸入框元素:
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));
在輸入框中輸入內容:
element.sendKeys(「test」);
將輸入框清空:
element.clear();
獲取輸入框的文本內容:
element.getText();
找到下拉選擇框的元素:
Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("select")));
選擇對應的選擇項:
select.selectByVisibleText(「mediaAgencyA」);
或
select.selectByValue(「MA_ID_001」);
不選擇對應的選擇項:
select.deselectAll();
select.deselectByValue(「MA_ID_001」);
select.deselectByVisibleText(「mediaAgencyA」);
或者獲取選擇項的值:
select.getAllSelectedOptions();
select.getFirstSelectedOption();
找到單選框元素:
WebElement bookMode =driver.findElement(By.id("BookMode"));
選擇某個單選項:
bookMode.click();
清空某個單選項:
bookMode.clear();
判斷某個單選項是否已經被選擇:
bookMode.isSelected();
多選項的操做和單選的差很少:
WebElement checkbox =driver.findElement(By.id("myCheckbox."));
checkbox.click();
checkbox.clear();
checkbox.isSelected();
checkbox.isEnabled();
找到按鈕元素:
WebElement saveButton = driver.findElement(By.id("save"));
點擊按鈕:
saveButton.click();
判斷按鈕是否enable:
saveButton.isEnabled ();
也就是左邊是可供選擇項,選擇後移動到右邊的框中,反之亦然。例如:
Select lang = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("languages")));
lang.selectByVisibleText(「English」);
WebElement addLanguage =driver.findElement(By.id("addButton"));
addLanguage.click();
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();
alert.dismiss();
alert.getText();
Form中的元素的操做和其它的元素操做同樣,對元素操做完成後對錶單的提交能夠:
WebElement approve = driver.findElement(By.id("approve"));
approve.click();
或
approve.submit();//只適合於表單的提交
上傳文件的元素操做:
WebElement adFileUpload = driver.findElement(By.id("WAP-upload"));
String filePath = "C:\test\\uploadfile\\media_ads\\test.jpg";
adFileUpload.sendKeys(filePath);
通常來講,登陸後建議是先:
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
切換到某個frame:
driver.switchTo().frame("leftFrame");
從一個frame切換到另外一個frame:
driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");
切換到某個window:
driver.switchTo().window("windowName");
WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("source"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.name("target"));
(new Actions(driver)).dragAndDrop(element, target).perform();
打開一個新的頁面:
driver.navigate().to("http://www.example.com");
經過歷史導航返回原頁面:
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().back();
User Agent的設置是平時使用得比較多的操做:
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.addAdditionalPreference("general.useragent.override","some UA string");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
咱們常常要對的值進行讀取和設置。
增長cookie:
// Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
獲取cookie的值:
// And now output all the available cookies for the current URL
Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {
System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s",loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));
}
根據某個cookie的name獲取cookie的值:
driver.manage().getCookieNamed("mmsid");
刪除cookie:
// You can delete cookies in 3 ways
// By name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");
// By Cookie
driver.manage().deleteCookie(loadedCookie);
// Or all of them
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
Web driver對Java Script的調用是經過JavascriptExecutor來實現的,例如:
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("(function(){inventoryGridMgr.setTableFieldValue('"+ inventoryId + "','" + fieldName + "','"
+ value + "');})()");
若是用webdriver截圖是:
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.save_screenshot("C:\error.jpg")
由於Load頁面須要一段時間,若是頁面還沒加載完就查找元素,必然是查找不到的。最好的方式,就是設置一個默認等待時間,在查找頁面元素的時候若是找不到就等待一段時間再找,直到超時。
Webdriver提供兩種方法,一種是顯性等待,另外一種是隱性等待。
顯性等待:
WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElementmyDynamicElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10))
.until(newExpectedCondition<WebElement>(){
@Override
public WebElementapply(WebDriver d) {
returnd.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
}});
隱性等待:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement =driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
當本機上沒有瀏覽器,須要遠程調用瀏覽器進行自動化測試時,須要用到RemoteWebDirver.
import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
public class Testing {
public void myTest()throws Exception {
WebDriver driver = newRemoteWebDriver(
new URL("http://localhost:4446/wd/hub"),
DesiredCapabilities.firefox());
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// RemoteWebDriverdoes not implement the TakesScreenshot class
// if the driver doeshave the Capabilities to take a screenshot
// then Augmenter willadd the TakesScreenshot methods to the instance
WebDriveraugmentedDriver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);
File screenshot =((TakesScreenshot)augmentedDriver).
getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
}
}
在使用RemoteDriver時,必須在遠程服務器啓動一個SeleniumServer:
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.20.0.jar -port 4446
profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override",testData.getUserAgent());
capabilities = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
capabilities.setCapability("firefox_profile", profile);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(「http://localhost:4446/wd/hub」),capabilities);
driverWait = new WebDriverWait(driver,TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
WebDriver對頁面的操做,須要找到一個WebElement,而後再對其進行操做,比較繁瑣:
// Find the text inputelement by its name
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something to search for
element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
咱們能夠考慮對這些基本的操做進行一個封裝,簡化操做。好比,封裝代碼:
protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){
driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);
}
那麼,在測試用例能夠這樣簡化調用:
sendKeys(By.name("q"),」Cheese!」);
看,這就簡潔多了。
相似的封裝還有:
package com.drutt.mm.end2end.actions;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import com.drutt.mm.end2end.data.TestConstant;
public class WebDriverAction {
//protected WebDriverdriver;
protected RemoteWebDriverdriver;
protected WebDriverWaitdriverWait;
protected booleanisWebElementExist(By selector) {
try {
driver.findElement(selector);
return true;
} catch(NoSuchElementException e) {
return false;
}
}
protected StringgetWebText(By by) {
try {
return driver.findElement(by).getText();
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
return "Textnot existed!";
}
}
protected voidclickElementContainingText(By by, String text){
List<WebElement>elementList = driver.findElements(by);
for(WebElement e:elementList){
if(e.getText().contains(text)){
e.click();
break;
}
}
}
protected StringgetLinkUrlContainingText(By by, String text){
List<WebElement>subscribeButton = driver.findElements(by);
String url = null;
for(WebElement e:subscribeButton){
if(e.getText().contains(text)){
url =e.getAttribute("href");
break;
}
}
return url;
}
protected void click(Byby){
driver.findElement(by).click();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
protected StringgetLinkUrl(By by){
return driver.findElement(by).getAttribute("href");
}
protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){
driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);
}
Selenium2.0中使用WeDriver API對頁面進行操做,它最大的優勢是不須要安裝一個selenium server就能夠運行,可是對頁面進行操做不如selenium1.0的Selenium RC API那麼方便。Selenium2.0提供了使用Selenium RC API的方法:
// You may use any WebDriver implementation. Firefox is used hereas an example
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
// A "base url", used by selenium to resolve relativeURLs
String baseUrl ="http://www.google.com";
// Create the Selenium implementation
Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl);
// Perform actions with selenium
selenium.open("http://www.google.com");
selenium.type("name=q", "cheese");
selenium.click("name=btnG");
// Get the underlying WebDriver implementation back. This willrefer to the
// same WebDriver instance as the "driver" variableabove.
WebDriver driverInstance = ((WebDriverBackedSelenium)selenium).getUnderlyingWebDriver();
//Finally, close thebrowser. Call stop on the WebDriverBackedSelenium instance
//instead of callingdriver.quit(). Otherwise, the JVM will continue running after
//the browser has beenclosed.
selenium.stop();
我分別使用WebDriver API和SeleniumRC API寫了一個Login的腳本,很明顯,後者的操做更加簡單明瞭。
WebDriver API寫的Login腳本:
public void login() {
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");
WebElement eUsername= waitFindElement(By.id("username"));
eUsername.sendKeys(manager@ericsson.com);
WebElement ePassword= waitFindElement(By.id("password"));
ePassword.sendKeys(manager);
WebElementeLoginButton = waitFindElement(By.id("loginButton"));
eLoginButton.click();
}
SeleniumRC API寫的Login腳本:
public void login() {
selenium.selectFrame("relative=top");
selenium.selectFrame("mainFrame");
selenium.type("username","manager@ericsson.com");
selenium.type("password","manager");
selenium.click("loginButton");
}