webdriverAPI-Java

1.1   下載selenium2.0的lib包

http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/listcss

 

官方UserGuide:http://seleniumhq.org/docs/java

1.2   用webdriver打開一個瀏覽器

咱們經常使用的瀏覽器有firefox和IE兩種,firefox是selenium支持得比較成熟的瀏覽器。可是作頁面的測試,速度一般很慢,嚴重影 響持續集成的速度,這個時候建議使用HtmlUnit,不過HtmlUnitDirver運行時是看不到界面的,對調試就不方便了。使用哪一種瀏覽器,能夠 作成配置項,根據須要靈活配置。web

 

  1. 打開firefox瀏覽器:

        //Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver瀏覽器

        WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();服務器

 

  1. 打開IE瀏覽器

        //Create a newinstance of the Internet Explorer drivercookie

        WebDriver driver = newInternetExplorerDriver ();app

 

  1. 打開HtmlUnit瀏覽器

        //Createa new instance of the Internet Explorer driver    dom

        WebDriverdriver = new HtmlUnitDriver();ide

 

1.3   打開測試頁面

對頁面對測試,首先要打開被測試頁面的地址(如:http://www.google.com),web driver 提供的get方法能夠打開一個頁面:post

        // And now use thedriver to visit Google

        driver.get("http://www.google.com");

1.4   GettingStarted

package org.openqa.selenium.example;

 

import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

 

public class Selenium2Example {

    public static voidmain(String[] args) {

        // Create a newinstance of the Firefox driver

        // Notice that theremainder of the code relies on the interface,

        // not the implementation.

        WebDriver driver = newFirefoxDriver();

 

        // And now use this tovisit Google

       driver.get("http://www.google.com");

        // Alternatively thesame thing can be done like this

        // driver.navigate().to("http://www.google.com");

 

        // Find the text inputelement by its name

        WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("q"));

 

        // Enter something tosearch for

       element.sendKeys("Cheese!");

 

        // Now submit the form.WebDriver will find the form for us from the element

        element.submit();

 

        // Check the title ofthe page

       System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());

       

        // Google's search isrendered dynamically with JavaScript.

        // Wait for the pageto load, timeout after 10 seconds

        (newWebDriverWait(driver, 10)).until(new ExpectedCondition<Boolean>() {

         public Booleanapply(WebDriver d) {

                returnd.getTitle().toLowerCase().startsWith("cheese!");

            }

        });

 

        // Should see:"cheese! - Google Search"

       System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());

       

        //Close the browser

        driver.quit();

    }

}

第2章        Webdirver對瀏覽器的支持

2.1   HtmlUnit Driver

優勢:HtmlUnit Driver不會實際打開瀏覽器,運行速度很快。對於用FireFox等瀏覽器來作測試的自動化測試用例,運行速度一般很慢,HtmlUnit Driver無疑是能夠很好地解決這個問題。

缺點:它對JavaScript的支持不夠好,當頁面上有複雜JavaScript時,常常會捕獲不到頁面元素。

使用:

WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();

 

2.2   FireFox Driver

優勢:FireFox Dirver對頁面的自動化測試支持得比較好,很直觀地模擬頁面的操做,對JavaScript的支持也很是完善,基本上頁面上作的全部操做FireFox Driver均可以模擬。

缺點:啓動很慢,運行也比較慢,不過,啓動以後Webdriver的操做速度雖然不快但仍是能夠接受的,建議不要頻繁啓停FireFox Driver。

使用:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Firefox profile的屬性值是能夠改變的,好比咱們平時使用得很是頻繁的改變useragent的功能,能夠這樣修改:

FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override", "some UAstring");
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);

2.3   InternetExplorer Driver

優勢:直觀地模擬用戶的實際操做,對JavaScript提供完善的支持。

缺點:是全部瀏覽器中運行速度最慢的,而且只能在Windows下運行,對CSS以及XPATH的支持也不夠好。

使用:

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

 

第3章        使用操做

3.1  如何找到頁面元素

Webdriver的findElement方法能夠用來找到頁面的某個元素,最經常使用的方法是用id和name查找。下面介紹幾種比較經常使用的方法。

3.1.1 By ID

假設頁面寫成這樣:

<input type="text" name="passwd"id="passwd-id" />

 

那麼能夠這樣找到頁面的元素:

經過id查找:

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));

3.1.2 By Name

或經過name查找:

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("passwd"));

3.1.3 By XPATH

或經過xpath查找:

WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='passwd-id']"));

3.1.4 By Class Name

假設頁面寫成這樣:

 

<div class="cheese"><span>Cheddar</span></div><divclass="cheese"><span>Gouda</span></div>

能夠經過這樣查找頁面元素:

List<WebElement>cheeses = driver.findElements(By.className("cheese"));

 

3.1.5 By Link Text

假設頁面元素寫成這樣:

<ahref="http://www.google.com/search?q=cheese">cheese</a>>

 那麼能夠經過這樣查找:

WebElement cheese =driver.findElement(By.linkText("cheese"));

 

 

 

3.2  如何對頁面元素進行操做

找到頁面元素後,怎樣對頁面進行操做呢?咱們能夠根據不一樣的類型的元素來進行一一說明。

3.2.1 輸入框(text field or textarea)

   找到輸入框元素:

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id"));

在輸入框中輸入內容:

element.sendKeys(「test」);

將輸入框清空:

element.clear();

獲取輸入框的文本內容:

element.getText();

 

3.2.2 下拉選擇框(Select)

找到下拉選擇框的元素:

Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("select")));

 
  選擇對應的選擇項:

select.selectByVisibleText(「mediaAgencyA」);

select.selectByValue(「MA_ID_001」);

 

不選擇對應的選擇項:

select.deselectAll();

select.deselectByValue(「MA_ID_001」);

select.deselectByVisibleText(「mediaAgencyA」);

或者獲取選擇項的值:

select.getAllSelectedOptions();

select.getFirstSelectedOption();

 

3.2.3 單選項(Radio Button)

找到單選框元素:

WebElement bookMode =driver.findElement(By.id("BookMode"));

選擇某個單選項:

bookMode.click();

清空某個單選項:

bookMode.clear();

判斷某個單選項是否已經被選擇:

bookMode.isSelected();

3.2.4 多選項(checkbox)

多選項的操做和單選的差很少:

WebElement checkbox =driver.findElement(By.id("myCheckbox."));

checkbox.click();

checkbox.clear();

checkbox.isSelected();

checkbox.isEnabled();

3.2.5 按鈕(button)

找到按鈕元素:

WebElement saveButton = driver.findElement(By.id("save"));

點擊按鈕:

saveButton.click();

判斷按鈕是否enable:

 

saveButton.isEnabled ();

3.2.6 左右選擇框

也就是左邊是可供選擇項,選擇後移動到右邊的框中,反之亦然。例如:

Select lang = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("languages")));

lang.selectByVisibleText(「English」);

WebElement addLanguage =driver.findElement(By.id("addButton"));

addLanguage.click();

3.2.7 彈出對話框(Popup dialogs)

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

alert.accept();

alert.dismiss();

alert.getText();

3.2.8 表單(Form)

Form中的元素的操做和其它的元素操做同樣,對元素操做完成後對錶單的提交能夠:

WebElement approve = driver.findElement(By.id("approve"));

approve.click();

approve.submit();//只適合於表單的提交

3.2.9 上傳文件 (Upload File)

上傳文件的元素操做:

WebElement adFileUpload = driver.findElement(By.id("WAP-upload"));

String filePath = "C:\test\\uploadfile\\media_ads\\test.jpg";

adFileUpload.sendKeys(filePath);

3.2.10                 Windows 和 Frames之間的切換

通常來講,登陸後建議是先:

driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

切換到某個frame:

driver.switchTo().frame("leftFrame");

從一個frame切換到另外一個frame:

driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");

切換到某個window:

driver.switchTo().window("windowName");

 

3.2.11                 拖拉(Drag andDrop)

WebElement element =driver.findElement(By.name("source"));

WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.name("target"));

 

(new Actions(driver)).dragAndDrop(element, target).perform();

 

3.2.12                 導航 (Navigationand History)

打開一個新的頁面:

 driver.navigate().to("http://www.example.com");

 

經過歷史導航返回原頁面:

driver.navigate().forward();

driver.navigate().back();

3.3   高級使用

3.3.1 改變user agent

User Agent的設置是平時使用得比較多的操做:

FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();

profile.addAdditionalPreference("general.useragent.override","some UA string");

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);

3.3.2 讀取Cookies

咱們常常要對的值進行讀取和設置。

增長cookie:

// Now set the cookie. This one's valid for the entire domain

Cookie cookie = new Cookie("key", "value");

driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);

獲取cookie的值:

// And now output all the available cookies for the current URL

Set<Cookie> allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies();

for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) {

   System.out.println(String.format("%s -> %s",loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue()));

}

根據某個cookie的name獲取cookie的值:

driver.manage().getCookieNamed("mmsid");

刪除cookie:

 

// You can delete cookies in 3 ways

// By name

driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("CookieName");

// By Cookie

driver.manage().deleteCookie(loadedCookie);

// Or all of them

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

3.3.3 調用Java Script

Web driver對Java Script的調用是經過JavascriptExecutor來實現的,例如:

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

js.executeScript("(function(){inventoryGridMgr.setTableFieldValue('"+ inventoryId + "','" + fieldName + "','"

                + value + "');})()");

 

3.3.4 Webdriver截圖

若是用webdriver截圖是:

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.save_screenshot("C:\error.jpg")

3.3.5 頁面等待

由於Load頁面須要一段時間,若是頁面還沒加載完就查找元素,必然是查找不到的。最好的方式,就是設置一個默認等待時間,在查找頁面元素的時候若是找不到就等待一段時間再找,直到超時。

Webdriver提供兩種方法,一種是顯性等待,另外一種是隱性等待。

顯性等待:

WebDriver driver =new FirefoxDriver();

driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");

WebElementmyDynamicElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10))

  .until(newExpectedCondition<WebElement>(){

  @Override

  public WebElementapply(WebDriver d) {

    returnd.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));

  }});

 

隱性等待:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");

WebElement myDynamicElement =driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));

第4章        RemoteWebDriver

當本機上沒有瀏覽器,須要遠程調用瀏覽器進行自動化測試時,須要用到RemoteWebDirver.

4.1   使用RemoteWebDriver

import java.io.File;

import java.net.URL;

 

import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;

import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;

 

public class Testing {

   

    public void myTest()throws Exception {

        WebDriver driver = newRemoteWebDriver(

                               new URL("http://localhost:4446/wd/hub"),

                               DesiredCapabilities.firefox());

       

       driver.get("http://www.google.com");

       

        // RemoteWebDriverdoes not implement the TakesScreenshot class

        // if the driver doeshave the Capabilities to take a screenshot

        // then Augmenter willadd the TakesScreenshot methods to the instance

        WebDriveraugmentedDriver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);

        File screenshot =((TakesScreenshot)augmentedDriver).

                            getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

    }

}

 

4.2   SeleniumServer

在使用RemoteDriver時,必須在遠程服務器啓動一個SeleniumServer:

java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.20.0.jar -port 4446

4.3   How to setFirefox profile using RemoteWebDriver

profile = new FirefoxProfile();

           profile.setPreference("general.useragent.override",testData.getUserAgent()); 

capabilities = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();

capabilities.setCapability("firefox_profile", profile);

driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(「http://localhost:4446/wd/hub」),capabilities);

driverWait = new WebDriverWait(driver,TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD);

driver.get("http://www.google.com");

 

第5章        封裝與重用

WebDriver對頁面的操做,須要找到一個WebElement,而後再對其進行操做,比較繁瑣:

 // Find the text inputelement by its name

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));

 

// Enter something to search for

element.sendKeys("Cheese!");

咱們能夠考慮對這些基本的操做進行一個封裝,簡化操做。好比,封裝代碼:

    protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){

       driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);

    }

那麼,在測試用例能夠這樣簡化調用:

sendKeys(By.name("q"),」Cheese!」);

 

看,這就簡潔多了。

 

相似的封裝還有:

package com.drutt.mm.end2end.actions;

 

 

import java.util.List;

import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

 

import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

 

import com.drutt.mm.end2end.data.TestConstant;

 

public class WebDriverAction {

 

   //protected WebDriverdriver;

   protected RemoteWebDriverdriver;

   protected WebDriverWaitdriverWait;

 

 

    protected booleanisWebElementExist(By selector) {

        try {

            driver.findElement(selector);

            return true;

        } catch(NoSuchElementException e) {

            return false;

        }

    }

   

    protected StringgetWebText(By by) {

        try {

        return driver.findElement(by).getText();

        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {

            return "Textnot existed!";

        }

    }

   

    protected voidclickElementContainingText(By by, String text){

        List<WebElement>elementList = driver.findElements(by);

        for(WebElement e:elementList){

            if(e.getText().contains(text)){

                e.click();

                break;

            }

        }    

    }

   

    protected StringgetLinkUrlContainingText(By by, String text){

        List<WebElement>subscribeButton = driver.findElements(by);

        String url = null;

        for(WebElement e:subscribeButton){

            if(e.getText().contains(text)){

                url =e.getAttribute("href");

                break;

            }

        }

        return url;

    }

   

    protected void click(Byby){

       driver.findElement(by).click();

       driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(TestConstant.WAIT_ELEMENT_TO_LOAD,TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    }

 

    protected StringgetLinkUrl(By by){

        return driver.findElement(by).getAttribute("href");

    }

   

    protected void sendKeys(Byby, String value){

       driver.findElement(by).sendKeys(value);

    }

 

第6章        在selenium2.0中使用selenium1.0的API

Selenium2.0中使用WeDriver API對頁面進行操做,它最大的優勢是不須要安裝一個selenium server就能夠運行,可是對頁面進行操做不如selenium1.0的Selenium RC API那麼方便。Selenium2.0提供了使用Selenium RC API的方法:

// You may use any WebDriver implementation. Firefox is used hereas an example

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

 

// A "base url", used by selenium to resolve relativeURLs

 String baseUrl ="http://www.google.com";

 

// Create the Selenium implementation

Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl);

 

// Perform actions with selenium

selenium.open("http://www.google.com");

selenium.type("name=q", "cheese");

selenium.click("name=btnG");

 

// Get the underlying WebDriver implementation back. This willrefer to the

// same WebDriver instance as the "driver" variableabove.

WebDriver driverInstance = ((WebDriverBackedSelenium)selenium).getUnderlyingWebDriver();

 

    //Finally, close thebrowser. Call stop on the WebDriverBackedSelenium instance

    //instead of callingdriver.quit(). Otherwise, the JVM will continue running after

    //the browser has beenclosed.

    selenium.stop();

 

我分別使用WebDriver API和SeleniumRC API寫了一個Login的腳本,很明顯,後者的操做更加簡單明瞭。

WebDriver API寫的Login腳本:

    public void login() {

        driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

        driver.switchTo().frame("mainFrame");

 

        WebElement eUsername= waitFindElement(By.id("username"));

        eUsername.sendKeys(manager@ericsson.com);

 

        WebElement ePassword= waitFindElement(By.id("password"));

        ePassword.sendKeys(manager);

 

        WebElementeLoginButton = waitFindElement(By.id("loginButton"));

       eLoginButton.click();

 

    }

   

SeleniumRC API寫的Login腳本:

    public void login() {

        selenium.selectFrame("relative=top");

        selenium.selectFrame("mainFrame");

        selenium.type("username","manager@ericsson.com");

        selenium.type("password","manager");

        selenium.click("loginButton");

}

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