關於Jwt的介紹網上不少,此處不在贅述,咱們主要看看jwt的結構。web
JWT主要由三部分組成,以下:算法
HEADER.PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE
HEADER
包含token的元數據,主要是加密算法,和簽名的類型,以下面的信息,說明了shell
加密的對象類型是JWT,加密算法是HMAC SHA-256數據庫
{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}
而後須要經過BASE64編碼後存入token中json
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Payload
主要包含一些聲明信息(claim),這些聲明是key-value對的數據結構。api
一般如用戶名,角色等信息,過時日期等,由於是未加密的,因此不建議存放敏感信息。安全
{"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name":"admin","exp":1578645536,"iss":"webapi.cn","aud":"WebApi"}
也須要經過BASE64編碼後存入token中cookie
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Signature
jwt要符合jws(Json Web Signature)的標準生成一個最終的簽名。把編碼後的Header和Payload信息加在一塊兒,而後使用一個強加密算法,如 HmacSHA256,進行加密。HS256(BASE64(Header).Base64(Payload),secret)數據結構
2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4
最後生成的token以下app
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框架:asp.net 3.1
IDE:VS2019
命令行中執行執行如下命令,建立webapix項目:
dotnet new webapi -n Webapi -o WebApi
特別注意的時,3.x默認是沒有jwt的Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer庫的,因此須要手動添加NuGet Package,切換到項目所在目錄,執行 .net cli命令
dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer --version 3.1.0
建立一個簡單的POCO類,用來存儲簽發或者驗證jwt時用到的信息
using Newtonsoft.Json; using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; namespace Webapi.Models { public class TokenManagement { [JsonProperty("secret")] public string Secret { get; set; } [JsonProperty("issuer")] public string Issuer { get; set; } [JsonProperty("audience")] public string Audience { get; set; } [JsonProperty("accessExpiration")] public int AccessExpiration { get; set; } [JsonProperty("refreshExpiration")] public int RefreshExpiration { get; set; } } }
而後在 appsettings.Development.json
增長jwt使用到的配置信息(若是是生成環境在appsettings.json
添加便可)
"tokenManagement": { "secret": "123456", "issuer": "webapi.cn", "audience": "WebApi", "accessExpiration": 30, "refreshExpiration": 60 }
而後再startup類的ConfigureServices方法中增長讀取配置信息
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddControllers(); services.Configure<TokenManagement>(Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement")); var token = Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement").Get<TokenManagement>(); }
到目前爲止,咱們完成了一些基礎工做,下面再webapi中注入jwt的驗證服務,並在中間件管道中啓用authentication中間件。
startup類中要引用jwt驗證服務的命名空間
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer; using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
而後在ConfigureServices
方法中添加以下邏輯
services.AddAuthentication(x => { x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme; x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme; }).AddJwtBearer(x => { x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false; x.SaveToken = true; x.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters { ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true, IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(token.Secret)), ValidIssuer = token.Issuer, ValidAudience = token.Audience, ValidateIssuer = false, ValidateAudience = false }; });
再Configure
方法中啓用驗證
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); } app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseAuthentication(); app.UseRouting(); app.UseAuthorization(); app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => { endpoints.MapControllers(); }); }
上面完成了JWT驗證的功能,下面就須要增長簽發token的邏輯。咱們須要增長一個專門用來用戶認證和簽發token的控制器,命名成AuthenticationController
,同時增長一個請求的DTO類
public class LoginRequestDTO { [Required] [JsonProperty("username")] public string Username { get; set; } [Required] [JsonProperty("password")] public string Password { get; set; } }
[Route("api/[controller]")] [ApiController] public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase { [AllowAnonymous] [HttpPost, Route("requestToken")] public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request) { if (!ModelState.IsValid) { return BadRequest("Invalid Request"); } return Ok(); } }
目前上面的控制器只實現了基本的邏輯,下面咱們要建立簽發token的服務,去完成具體的業務。第一步咱們先建立對應的服務接口,命名爲IAuthenticateService
public interface IAuthenticateService { bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token); }
接下來,實現接口
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService { public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } }
在Startup
的ConfigureServices
方法中註冊服務
services.AddScoped<IAuthenticateService, TokenAuthenticationService>();
在Controller中注入IAuthenticateService服務,並完善action
public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase { private readonly IAuthenticateService _authService; public AuthenticationController(IAuthenticateService authService) { this._authService = authService; } [AllowAnonymous] [HttpPost, Route("requestToken")] public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request) { if (!ModelState.IsValid) { return BadRequest("Invalid Request"); } string token; if (_authService.IsAuthenticated(request, out token)) { return Ok(token); } return BadRequest("Invalid Request"); } }
正常狀況,咱們都會根據請求的用戶和密碼去驗證用戶是否合法,須要鏈接到數據庫獲取數據進行校驗,咱們這裏爲了方便,假設任何請求的用戶都是合法的。
這裏單獨加個用戶管理的服務,不在IAuthenticateService這個服務裏面添加相應邏輯,主要遵循了職責單一原則
。首先和上面同樣,建立一個服務接口IUserService
public interface IUserService { bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req); }
實現IUserService
接口
public class UserService : IUserService { //模擬測試,默認都是人爲驗證有效 public bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req) { return true; } }
一樣註冊到容器中
services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();
接下來,就要完善TokenAuthenticationService簽發token的邏輯,首先要注入IUserService 和 TokenManagement,而後實現具體的業務邏輯,這個token的生成仍是使用的Jwt的類庫提供的api,具體不詳細描述。
特別注意下TokenManagement的注入是已IOptions的接口類型注入的,還記得在Startpup中嗎?咱們是經過配置項的方式註冊TokenManagement類型的。
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService { private readonly IUserService _userService; private readonly TokenManagement _tokenManagement; public TokenAuthenticationService(IUserService userService, IOptions<TokenManagement> tokenManagement) { _userService = userService; _tokenManagement = tokenManagement.Value; } public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token) { token = string.Empty; if (!_userService.IsValid(request)) return false; var claims = new[] { new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,request.Username) }; var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_tokenManagement.Secret)); var credentials = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256); var jwtToken = new JwtSecurityToken(_tokenManagement.Issuer, _tokenManagement.Audience, claims, expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_tokenManagement.AccessExpiration), signingCredentials: credentials); token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwtToken); return true; } }
準備好測試試用的APi,打上Authorize特性,代表須要受權!
[ApiController] [Route("[controller]")] [Authorize] public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase { private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[] { "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching" }; private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger; public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger) { _logger = logger; } [HttpGet] public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get() { var rng = new Random(); return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast { Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index), TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55), Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)] }) .ToArray(); } }
支持咱們能夠測試驗證了,咱們能夠使用postman來進行http請求,先啓動http服務,獲取url,先測試一個訪問須要受權的接口,但沒有攜帶token信息,返回是401,表示未受權
下面咱們先經過認證接口,獲取token,竟然報錯,查詢了下,發現HS256算法的祕鑰長度最新爲128位,轉換成字符至少16字符,以前設置的祕鑰是123456,因此致使異常。
System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: IDX10603: Decryption failed. Keys tried: 'HS256'. Exceptions caught: '128'. token: '48' (Parameter 'KeySize') at
更新祕鑰
"tokenManagement": { "secret": "123456123456123456", "issuer": "webapi.cn", "audience": "WebApi", "accessExpiration": 30, "refreshExpiration": 60 }
從新發起請求,成功獲取token
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把token帶到以前請求的api中,從新測試,成功獲取數據
基於token的認證方式,讓咱們構建分佈式/鬆耦合的系統更加容易。任何地方生成的token,只有擁有相同祕鑰,就能夠再任何地方進行簽名校驗。
固然要用好jwt認證方式,還有其餘安全細節須要處理,好比palyload中不能存放敏感信息,使用https的加密傳輸方式等等,能夠根據業務實際須要再進一步安全加固!
同時咱們也發現使用token,就能夠擺脫cookie的限制,因此JWT是移動app開發的首選!