Python全棧開發:pymysql

本篇對於Python操做MySQL主要使用兩種方式:html

  • 原生模塊 pymsql
  • ORM框架 SQLAchemy

pymsql

pymsql是Python中操做MySQL的模塊,其使用方法和MySQLdb幾乎相同。python

下載安裝mysql

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pip3 install pymysql

使用操做sql

一、執行SQL數據庫

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
  
# 建立鏈接
conn = pymysql. connect (host= '127.0.0.1' , port=3306,  user = 'root' , passwd= '123' , db= 't1' )
# 建立遊標
cursor  = conn. cursor ()
  
# 執行SQL,並返回收影響行數
effect_row =  cursor . execute ( "update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2'" )
  
# 執行SQL,並返回受影響行數
#effect_row =  cursor . execute ( "update hosts set host = '1.1.1.2' where nid > %s" , (1,))
  
# 執行SQL,並返回受影響行數
#effect_row =  cursor .executemany( "insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)" , [( "1.1.1.11" ,1),( "1.1.1.11" ,2)])
  
  
# 提交,否則沒法保存新建或者修改的數據
conn. commit ()
  
# 關閉遊標
cursor . close ()
# 關閉鏈接
conn. close ()

二、獲取新建立數據自增ID編程

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql. connect (host= '127.0.0.1' , port=3306,  user = 'root' , passwd= '123' , db= 't1' )
cursor  = conn. cursor ()
cursor .executemany( "insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)" , [( "1.1.1.11" ,1),( "1.1.1.11" ,2)])
conn. commit ()
cursor . close ()
conn. close ()
  
# 獲取最新自增ID
new_id =  cursor .lastrowid

三、獲取查詢數據session

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql. connect (host= '127.0.0.1' , port=3306,  user = 'root' , passwd= '123' , db= 't1' )
cursor  = conn. cursor ()
cursor . execute ( "select * from hosts" )
  
# 獲取第一行數據
row_1 =  cursor .fetchone()
  
# 獲取前n行數據
# row_2 =  cursor .fetchmany(3)
# 獲取全部數據
# row_3 =  cursor .fetchall()
  
conn. commit ()
cursor . close ()
conn. close ()

注:在fetch數據時按照順序進行,可使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)來移動遊標位置,如:oracle

  • cursor.scroll(1,mode='relative')  # 相對當前位置移動
  • cursor.scroll(2,mode='absolute') # 相對絕對位置移動

四、fetch數據類型框架

  關於默認獲取的數據是元祖類型,若是想要或者字典類型的數據,即:編程語言

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
  
conn = pymysql. connect (host= '127.0.0.1' , port=3306,  user = 'root' , passwd= '123' , db= 't1' )
  
# 遊標設置爲字典類型
cursor  = conn. cursor ( cursor =pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
r =  cursor . execute ( "call p1()" )
  
result =  cursor .fetchone()
  
conn. commit ()
cursor . close ()
conn. close ()
複製代碼
    做業:
        參考表結構:
            用戶類型

            用戶信息

            權限

            用戶類型&權限
        功能:

            # 登錄、註冊、找回密碼
            # 用戶管理
            # 用戶類型
            # 權限管理
            # 分配權限

        特別的:程序僅一個可執行文件
複製代碼

SQLAchemy

SQLAlchemy是Python編程語言下的一款ORM框架,該框架創建在數據庫API之上,使用關係對象映射進行數據庫操做,簡言之即是:將對象轉換成SQL,而後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。

安裝:

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pip3 install SQLAlchemy

 

SQLAlchemy自己沒法操做數據庫,其必須以來pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用於和數據API進行交流,根據配置文件的不一樣調用不一樣的數據庫API,從而實現對數據庫的操做,如:

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MySQL-Python
     mysql+mysqldb://< user >:< password >@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
   
pymysql
     mysql+pymysql://<username>:< password >@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
   
MySQL-Connector
     mysql+mysqlconnector://< user >:< password >@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
   
cx_Oracle
     oracle+cx_oracle:// user :pass@host:port/dbname[? key =value& key =value...]
   
更多詳見:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/ index .html

1、內部處理

使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 進行數據庫操做,Engine使用ConnectionPooling鏈接數據庫,而後再經過Dialect執行SQL語句。

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from  sqlalchemy import create_engine
  
  
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1" , max_overflow=5)
  
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine. execute (
#      "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES ('1.1.1.22', 3)"
# )
  
# 新插入行自增ID
# cur.lastrowid
  
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine. execute (
#      "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES(%s, %s)" ,[( '1.1.1.22' , 3),( '1.1.1.221' , 3),]
# )
  
  
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine. execute (
#      "INSERT INTO hosts (host, color_id) VALUES (%(host)s, %(color_id)s)" ,
#     host= '1.1.1.99' , color_id=3
# )
  
# 執行SQL
# cur = engine. execute ( 'select * from hosts' )
# 獲取第一行數據
# cur.fetchone()
# 獲取第n行數據
# cur.fetchmany(3)
# 獲取全部數據
# cur.fetchall()

2、ORM功能使用

使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 全部組件對數據進行操做。根據類建立對象,對象轉換成SQL,執行SQL。

一、建立表

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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from  sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from  sqlalchemy import  Column Integer , String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint,  Index
from  sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from  sqlalchemy import create_engine
 
engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1" , max_overflow=5)
 
Base = declarative_base()
 
# 建立單表
class Users(Base):
     __tablename__ =  'users'
     id =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True )
     name  Column (String(32))
     extra =  Column (String(16))
 
     __table_args__ = (
     UniqueConstraint( 'id' 'name' name = 'uix_id_name' ),
         Index ( 'ix_id_name' 'name' 'extra' ),
     )
 
 
# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
     __tablename__ =  'favor'
     nid =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True )
     caption =  Column (String(50),  default = 'red' unique = True )
 
 
class Person(Base):
     __tablename__ =  'person'
     nid =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True )
     name  Column (String(32),  index = True , nullable= True )
     favor_id =  Column ( Integer , ForeignKey( "favor.nid" ))
 
 
# 多對多
class  Group (Base):
     __tablename__ =  'group'
     id =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True )
     name  Column (String(64),  unique = True , nullable= False )
     port =  Column ( Integer default =22)
 
 
class Server(Base):
     __tablename__ =  'server'
 
     id =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True , autoincrement= True )
     hostname =  Column (String(64),  unique = True , nullable= False )
 
 
class ServerToGroup(Base):
     __tablename__ =  'servertogroup'
     nid =  Column ( Integer , primary_key= True , autoincrement= True )
     server_id =  Column ( Integer , ForeignKey( 'server.id' ))
     group_id =  Column ( Integer , ForeignKey( 'group.id' ))
 
 
def init_db():
     Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
 
 
def drop_db():
     Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

注:設置外檢的另外一種方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])

二、操做表

 

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine

engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)

Base = declarative_base()

# 建立單表
class Users(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32))
    extra = Column(String(16))

    __table_args__ = (
    UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
        Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)

# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'favor'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)

    def __repr__(self):
        return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)

class Person(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'person'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
    favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
    # 與生成表結構無關,僅用於查詢方便
    favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')

# 多對多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
    nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
    group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
    group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
    server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')

class Group(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'group'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    port = Column(Integer, default=22)
    # group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')


class Server(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'server'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)




def init_db():
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)


def drop_db():
    Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)


Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

表結構 + 數據庫鏈接
  • obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
    session.add(obj)
    session.add_all([
        Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
        Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
    ])
    session.commit()
  • session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
    session.commit()
  • session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"})
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
    session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
    session.commit()
  • ret = session.query(Users).all()
    ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
  • 其餘
    # 條件
    ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
    from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(
        or_(
            Users.id < 2,
            and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
            Users.extra != ""
        )).all()
    
    
    # 通配符
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
    
    # 限制
    ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
    
    # 排序
    ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
    
    # 分組
    from sqlalchemy.sql import func
    
    ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
    ret = session.query(
        func.max(Users.id),
        func.sum(Users.id),
        func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
    
    ret = session.query(
        func.max(Users.id),
        func.sum(Users.id),
        func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
    
    # 連表
    
    ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
    
    ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
    
    ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
    
    
    # 組合
    q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
    q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
    ret = q1.union(q2).all()
    
    q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
    q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
    ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()

更多功能參見文檔,猛擊這裏下載PDF

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