Spring入門(十五):使用Spring JDBC操做數據庫

在本系列的以前博客中,咱們從沒有講解過操做數據庫的方法,可是在實際的工做中,幾乎全部的系統都離不開數據的持久化,因此掌握操做數據庫的使用方法就很是重要。java

在Spring中,操做數據庫有不少種方法,咱們可使用JDBC、Hibernate、MyBatis或者其餘的數據持久化框架,本篇博客的重點是講解下在Spring中如何經過JDBC操做數據庫。mysql

1. 項目構建失敗解決

在講解JDBC前,咱們先解決一個問題,由於原本構建正常的程序在從新構建打包時,居然報了以下錯誤:git

網上查找資料後,說是依賴的版本有衝突,因而檢查了pom.xml中以前添加的Spring的依賴:github

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<!--spring aop支持-->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
    <version>5.1.8.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
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其中spring-aop的版本是5.1.8.RELEASE,而其他3個包的版本是4.3.18.RELEASE,將spring-aop版本也修改成4.3.18.RELEASE:web

<!--spring aop支持-->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
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此時從新構建打包,再也不報錯,打包成功:spring

不過上面的依賴還能夠簡化成下面這樣的:sql

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
    <version>4.3.18.RELEASE</version>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
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由於spring-webmvc包已經包含了spring-context和spring-aop,所以沒有必要重複添加這2個依賴:數據庫

2. 配置數據源

首先執行以下語句建立MySql數據庫spring_action_db:apache

CREATE DATABASE spring_action_db DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
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而後執行以下語句建立表book:微信

use spring_action_db;

create table Book
(
  book_id     bigint auto_increment comment '書籍id',
  book_name   varchar(50) not null comment '書名',
  author      varchar(50) not null comment '做者',
  create_by   varchar(20) not null comment '建立人',
  create_time datetime    not null comment '建立時間',
  modify_by   varchar(20) not null comment '修改人',
  modify_time datetime    not null comment '修改時間',
  constraint Book_pk
    primary key (book_id)
)
  comment '書籍';
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準備就緒後,新建配置類配置下數據源:

package chapter10.config;

import org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

@Configuration
@ComponentScan("chapter10")
public class DataSourceConfig {
    @Bean
    public BasicDataSource dataSource() {
        BasicDataSource dataSource = new BasicDataSource();
        dataSource.setDriverClassName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
        dataSource.setUrl("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/spring_action_db");
        dataSource.setUsername("root");
        dataSource.setPassword("root");

        return dataSource;
    }
}
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由於咱們使用的是MySql數據庫,因此驅動名稱設置的是:com.mysql.jdbc.Driver。

若是你使用的是其餘類型的數據庫,須要修改爲對應的名稱。

由於使用到了MySql驅動,因此咱們須要在pom.xml中添加以下依賴,不然在訪問數據庫時會獲取不到鏈接:

<!-- MySql驅動 -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>mysql</groupId>
    <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
    <version>5.1.46</version>
</dependency>
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3. 使用原始的JDBC代碼

首先,新建數據庫實體類Book:

package chapter10.domain;

import java.util.Date;

public class Book {
    private Long bookId;

    private String bookName;

    private String author;

    private String createBy;

    private Date createTime;

    private String modifyBy;

    private Date modifyTime;

    public Book(String bookName, String author, String createBy) {
        this.bookName = bookName;
        this.author = author;
        this.createBy = createBy;
        this.createTime = new Date();
        this.modifyBy=createBy;
        this.modifyTime=new Date();
    }
    
    public Book(Long bookId, String bookName, String author, String modifyBy) {
        this.bookId = bookId;
        this.bookName = bookName;
        this.author = author;
        this.modifyBy = modifyBy;
    }
    
    public Book() {
        
    }

    // 省略get和set方法
}
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而後定義數據訪問接口BookRepository,暫時只添加addBook方法:

package chapter10.db;

import chapter10.domain.Book;

public interface BookRepository {
    void addBook(Book book);
}
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3.1 新增數據

新建數據訪問實現類JdbcBookRepository以下所示:

package chapter10.db.jdbc;

import chapter10.db.BookRepository;
import chapter10.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

@Repository
public class JdbcBookRepository implements BookRepository {
    private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK =
            "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);";

    @Autowired
    private DataSource dataSource;

    @Override
    public void addBook(Book book) {
        Connection connection = null;
        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;

        try {
            Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
            calendar.setTime(new Date());

            connection = dataSource.getConnection();
            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_INSERT_BOOK);
            preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName());
            preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor());
            preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getCreateBy());
            preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));
            preparedStatement.setString(5, book.getModifyBy());
            preparedStatement.setTimestamp(6, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));

            preparedStatement.execute();
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            // 異常處理相關代碼
        } finally {
            try {
                if (preparedStatement != null) {
                    preparedStatement.close();
                }
                if (connection != null) {
                    connection.close();
                }
            } catch (SQLException e) {
                // 異常處理相關代碼
            }
        }
    }
}
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注意事項:該類添加了@Repository註解,以便Spring可以掃描到將其註冊爲bean。

值得注意的是,在這段代碼中,咱們居然捕獲SQLException捕獲了2次,這是由於connection = dataSource.getConnection();preparedStatement.execute();preparedStatement.close();connection.close();都會拋出檢查型異常SQLException,因此方法中必須捕獲,不然會致使編譯不經過:

Connection getConnection() throws SQLException;

boolean execute() throws SQLException;

void close() throws SQLException;

void close() throws SQLException;
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最後,新建單元測試類BookRepositoryTest以下所示:

package chapter10;

import chapter10.config.DataSourceConfig;
import chapter10.db.BookRepository;
import chapter10.domain.Book;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = DataSourceConfig.class)
public class BookRepositoryTest {
    @Autowired
    private BookRepository bookRepository;

    @Test
    public void testAddBook() {
        Book book = new Book("Spring實戰(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "申城異鄉人");

        bookRepository.addBook(book);

        book = new Book("Java EE開發的顛覆者:Spring Boot實戰", "汪雲飛", "申城異鄉人");

        bookRepository.addBook(book);

        book = new Book("RabbitMQ實戰指南", "朱忠華", "申城異鄉人");

        bookRepository.addBook(book);
    }
}
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運行測試方法testAddBook(),數據成功新增到數據庫:

3.2 更新數據

首先,在數據訪問接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:

void updateBook(Book book);
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而後在數據訪問實現類JdbcBookRepository中實現該方法:

private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK =
            "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;";

@Override
public void updateBook(Book book) {
    Connection connection = null;
    PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;

    try {
        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
        calendar.setTime(new Date());

        connection = dataSource.getConnection();
        preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK);
        preparedStatement.setString(1, book.getBookName());
        preparedStatement.setString(2, book.getAuthor());
        preparedStatement.setString(3, book.getModifyBy());
        preparedStatement.setTimestamp(4, new Timestamp(calendar.getTimeInMillis()));
        preparedStatement.setLong(5, book.getBookId());

        preparedStatement.execute();
    } catch (SQLException e) {
        // 異常處理相關代碼
    } finally {
        try {
            if (preparedStatement != null) {
                preparedStatement.close();
            }
            if (connection != null) {
                connection.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            // 異常處理相關代碼
        }
    }
}
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是否是發現它的代碼和以前的新增代碼幾乎是同樣的,並且也不得不對檢查型異常SQLException捕獲了2次,有代碼潔癖的人是否是忍不住想重構,哈哈。

最後,在測試類BookRepositoryTest中添加測試方法testUpdateBook,以下所示:

@Test
public void testUpdateBook() {
    Book book = new Book(1L, "Spring實戰(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);

    book = new Book(2L, "Java EE開發的顛覆者:Spring Boot實戰", "汪雲飛", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);

    book = new Book(3L, "RabbitMQ實戰指南", "朱忠華", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);
}
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執行該測試方法,數據更新成功:

3.3 查找數據

首先,在數據訪問接口BookRepository中添加更新方法:

Book findBook(long bookId);
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而後在數據訪問實現類JdbcBookRepository中實現該方法:

private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK =
            "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;";

@Override
public Book findBook(long bookId) {
    Connection connection = null;
    PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;

    ResultSet resultSet = null;
    Book book = null;
    try {
        connection = dataSource.getConnection();
        preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(SQL_SELECT_BOOK);
        preparedStatement.setLong(1, bookId);

        resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();

        if (resultSet.next()) {
            book = new Book();
            book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id"));
            book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name"));
            book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author"));
            book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by"));
            book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time"));
            book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by"));
            book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time"));
        }
    } catch (SQLException e) {
        // 異常處理相關代碼
    } finally {
        try {
            if (resultSet != null) {
                resultSet.close();
            }
            if (preparedStatement != null) {
                preparedStatement.close();
            }
            if (connection != null) {
                connection.close();
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            // 異常處理相關代碼
        }
    }

    return book;
}
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是否是發現它的代碼和以前的新增、更新代碼大部分是同樣的,並且也不得不對檢查型異常SQLException捕獲了2次,有代碼潔癖的人是否是已經開始動手重構了,哈哈。

最後,在測試類BookRepositoryTest中添加測試方法testFindBook,以下所示:

@Test
public void testFindBook() {
    Book book = bookRepository.findBook(1L);
    Assert.assertNotNull(book);
    Assert.assertEquals(book.getBookName(), "Spring實戰(第4版)");
}
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執行該測試方法,數據查詢成功:

4. 使用JDBC模板

使用了原始的JDBC操做數據庫後,好多有代碼潔癖的同窗都忍不住開始重構了,由於大部分代碼都是樣板代碼,只有少部分才和業務邏輯相關,好消息是Spring已經幫咱們重構過了,Spring將數據訪問的樣板代碼抽象到模板類之中,咱們能夠直接使用模板類,從而簡化了JDBC代碼。

4.1 新增數據

首先,在配置類DataSourceConfig中添加以下配置:

@Bean
public JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate(DataSource dataSource) {
    return new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
}
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而後將以前新建的類JdbcBookRepository上的@Repository註解移除掉。

接着,新建數據訪問實現類JdbcTemplateBookRepository以下所示:

package chapter10.db.jdbc;

import chapter10.db.BookRepository;
import chapter10.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcOperations;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.sql.Date;

@Repository
public class JdbcTemplateBookRepository implements BookRepository {
    private static final String SQL_INSERT_BOOK =
            "INSERT INTO book(book_name, author, create_by, create_time, modify_by, modify_time) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?);";

    @Autowired
    private JdbcOperations jdbcOperations;

    @Override
    public void addBook(Book book) {
        jdbcOperations.update(SQL_INSERT_BOOK, book.getBookName(),
                book.getAuthor(),
                book.getCreateBy(),
                new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()),
                book.getModifyBy(),
                new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()));
    }
}
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注意事項:該類添加了@Repository註解,以便Spring可以掃描到將其註冊爲bean。

很簡潔有沒有,從以前的代碼優化到如今的代碼,有代碼潔癖的同窗估計開心死了。

由於以前測試類BookRepositoryTest中,咱們注入的是接口,因此咱們不須要修改測試類的代碼,便可直接訪問到新建的JdbcTemplateBookRepository類的實現方法:

@Autowired
private BookRepository bookRepository;
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運行以前的測試方法testAddBook(),數據成功新增到數據庫:

4.2 更新數據

在數據訪問實現類JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加以下代碼:

private static final String SQL_UPDATE_BOOK =
            "UPDATE Book SET book_name = ?,author = ?,modify_by = ?,modify_time=? WHERE book_id = ?;";

@Override
public void updateBook(Book book) {
    jdbcOperations.update(SQL_UPDATE_BOOK, book.getBookName(),
            book.getAuthor(),
            book.getModifyBy(),
            new Timestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()),
            book.getBookId());
}
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而後簡單修改下以前的測試方法testUpdateBook():

@Test
public void testUpdateBook() {
    Book book = new Book(4L, "Spring實戰(第4版)", "Craig Walls", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);

    book = new Book(5L, "Java EE開發的顛覆者:Spring Boot實戰", "汪雲飛", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);

    book = new Book(6L, "RabbitMQ實戰指南", "朱忠華", "zwwhnly");

    bookRepository.updateBook(book);
}
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運行以前的測試方法testUpdateBook(),數據更新成功:

4.3 查找數據

在數據訪問實現類JdbcTemplateBookRepository中添加以下代碼:

private static final String SQL_SELECT_BOOK =
            "SELECT book_id,book_name,author,create_by,create_time,modify_by,modify_time FROM book WHERE book_id = ?;";

@Override
public Book findBook(long bookId) {
    return jdbcOperations.queryForObject(SQL_SELECT_BOOK, new BookRowMapper(), bookId);
}

private static final class BookRowMapper implements RowMapper<Book> {

    @Override
    public Book mapRow(ResultSet resultSet, int i) throws SQLException {
        Book book = new Book();
        book.setBookId(resultSet.getLong("book_id"));
        book.setBookName(resultSet.getString("book_name"));
        book.setAuthor(resultSet.getString("author"));
        book.setCreateBy(resultSet.getString("create_by"));
        book.setCreateTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("create_time"));
        book.setModifyBy(resultSet.getString("modify_by"));
        book.setModifyTime(resultSet.getTimestamp("modify_time"));


        return book;
    }
}
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運行以前的測試方法testFindBook(),數據查詢成功:

5. 源碼及參考

源碼地址:github.com/zwwhnly/spr…,歡迎下載。

Craig Walls 《Spring實戰(第4版)》

最後,歡迎關注個人微信公衆號:「申城異鄉人」,全部博客會同步更新。

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