set集合python
set是一個無序且不重複的元素集合安全
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 添加 """ """ Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from this set. """ pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 刪除當前set中的全部包含在 new set 裏的元素 """ """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 移除元素 """ """ Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing. """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 取交集,新建立一個set """ """ Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 取交集,修改原來set """ """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 若是沒有交集,返回true """ """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 是不是子集 """ """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 是不是父集 """ """ Report whether this set contains another set. """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 移除 """ """ Remove and return an arbitrary set element. Raises KeyError if the set is empty. """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 移除 """ """ Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 差集,建立新對象""" """ Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 差集,改變原來 """ """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 並集 """ """ Return the union of sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 更新 """ """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ pass def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ pass def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ pass def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """ pass def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """ pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ pass def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """ pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ pass def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ pass def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ pass def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ pass def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ pass def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ pass __hash__ = None
Python計數器counterapp
import collections obj = collections.Counter('adcdpdueske') (obj) ret=obj.most_common() (ret) o obj.elements(): (o) i,b obj.items(): (i,b) #更新內容 obj.update() obj.subtract() 有序字典OrderedDict
OrderedDict(): (*args, **kwds): args: () self, *args = args (args) > : (% (args)) : self.__root : self.__hardroot = _Link() self.__root = root = _proxy(self.__hardroot) root.prev = root.next = root self.__map = {} self.__update(*args, **kwds) (, key, value, dict_setitem=., proxy=_proxy, Link=_Link): key : .__map[key] = link = Link() root = .__root last = root.prev link.prev, link.next, link.key = last, root, key last.next = link root.prev = proxy(link) dict_setitem(, key, value) (, key, dict_delitem=.): dict_delitem(, key) link = .__map.pop(key) link_prev = link.prev link_next = link.next link_prev.next = link_next link_next.prev = link_prev link.prev = link.next = (): root = .__root curr = root.next curr root: curr.key curr = curr.next ():#逆序 root = .__root curr = root.prev curr root: curr.key curr = curr.prev clear(): #清空 root = .__root root.prev = root.next = root .__map.clear() .clear() popitem(, last=): : () root = .__root last: link = root.prev link_prev = link.prev link_prev.next = root root.prev = link_prev : link = root.next link_next = link.next root.next = link_next link_next.prev = root key = link.key .__map[key] value = .pop(, key) key, value move_to_end(, key, last=):#移至最後 link = .__map[key] link_prev = link.prev link_next = link.next link_prev.next = link_next link_next.prev = link_prev root = .__root last: last = root.prev link.prev = last link.next = root last.next = root.prev = link : first = root.next link.prev = root link.next = first root.next = first.prev = link
設置默認字典ide
dic=collections.defaultdict()
class defaultdict(dict):
"""
defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory
The default factory is called without arguments to produce
a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.
A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.
All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were
passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.
"""
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D. """
pass
def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D. """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __init__(self, default_factory=None, **kwargs): # known case of _collections.defaultdict.__init__
"""
defaultdict(default_factory[, ...]) --> dict with default factory
The default factory is called without arguments to produce
a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only.
A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items.
All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were
passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __missing__(self, key): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
__missing__(key) # Called by __getitem__ for missing key; pseudo-code:
if self.default_factory is None: raise KeyError((key,))
self[key] = value = self.default_factory()
return value
"""
pass
def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return state information for pickling. """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
default_factory = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
"""Factory for default value called by __missing__()."""
可命名元祖(namedtuple)fetch
根據nametuple能夠建立一個包含tuple全部功能以及其餘功能的類型ui
import collections Mytuple = collections.namedtuple('Mytuple',['x', 'y', 'z']) obj=Mytuple(1,2,3) print(obj.x) print(obj.y) print(obj.z) class Mytuple(__builtin__.tuple) | Mytuple(x, y) | | Method resolution order: | Mytuple | __builtin__.tuple | __builtin__.object | | Methods defined here: | | __getnewargs__(self) | Return self as a plain tuple. Used by copy and pickle. | | __getstate__(self) | Exclude the OrderedDict from pickling | | __repr__(self) | Return a nicely formatted representation string | | _asdict(self) | Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values | | _replace(_self, **kwds) | Return a new Mytuple object replacing specified fields with new values | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Class methods defined here: | | _make(cls, iterable, new=<built-in method __new__ of type object>, len=<built-in function len>) from __builtin__.type | Make a new Mytuple object from a sequence or iterable | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Static methods defined here: | | __new__(_cls, x, y) | Create new instance of Mytuple(x, y) | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data descriptors defined here: | | __dict__ | Return a new OrderedDict which maps field names to their values | | x | Alias for field number 0 | | y | Alias for field number 1 | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Data and other attributes defined here: | | _fields = ('x', 'y') | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Methods inherited from __builtin__.tuple: | | __add__(...) | x.__add__(y) <==> x+y | | __contains__(...) | x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x | | __eq__(...) | x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y | | __ge__(...) | x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y | | __getattribute__(...) | x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name | | __getitem__(...) | x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] | | __getslice__(...) | x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] | | Use of negative indices is not supported. | | __gt__(...) | x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y | | __hash__(...) | x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) | | __iter__(...) | x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) | | __le__(...) | x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y | | __len__(...) | x.__len__() <==> len(x) | | __lt__(...) | x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y | | __mul__(...) | x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n | | __ne__(...) | x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y | | __rmul__(...) | x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x | | __sizeof__(...) | T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes | | count(...) | T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value | | index(...) | T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. | Raises ValueError if the value is not present. Mytuple
5、雙向隊列(deque)this
一個線程安全的雙向隊列spa
class deque(object): """ deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object Build an ordered collection with optimized access from its endpoints. """ def append(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to the right side of the deque. """ pass def appendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Add an element to the left side of the deque. """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove all elements from the deque. """ pass def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ return 0 def extend(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Extend the right side of the deque with elements from the iterable """ pass def extendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Extend the left side of the deque with elements from the iterable """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return the rightmost element. """ pass def popleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Remove and return the leftmost element. """ pass def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. """ pass def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """ pass def rotate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Rotate the deque n steps to the right (default n=1). If n is negative, rotates left. """ pass def __copy__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return a shallow copy of a deque. """ pass def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ pass def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ pass def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """ pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ pass def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ pass def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ pass def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """ pass def __init__(self, iterable=(), maxlen=None): # known case of _collections.deque.__init__ """ deque([iterable[, maxlen]]) --> deque object Build an ordered collection with optimized access from its endpoints. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ pass def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ pass def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ pass def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ pass def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the deque """ pass def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.__sizeof__() -- size of D in memory, in bytes """ pass maxlen = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default """maximum size of a deque or None if unbounded""" __hash__ = None
單向隊列線程
class Queue: """Create a queue object with a given maximum size. If maxsize is <= 0, the queue size is infinite. """ def __init__(self, maxsize=0): self.maxsize = maxsize self._init(maxsize) # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating. All methods # that acquire mutex must release it before returning. mutex # is shared between the three conditions, so acquiring and # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex. self.mutex = _threading.Lock() # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a # thread waiting to get is notified then. self.not_empty = _threading.Condition(self.mutex) # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue; # a thread waiting to put is notified then. self.not_full = _threading.Condition(self.mutex) # Notify all_tasks_done whenever the number of unfinished tasks # drops to zero; thread waiting to join() is notified to resume self.all_tasks_done = _threading.Condition(self.mutex) self.unfinished_tasks = 0 def task_done(self): """Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete. Used by Queue consumer threads. For each get() used to fetch a task, a subsequent call to task_done() tells the queue that the processing on the task is complete. If a join() is currently blocking, it will resume when all items have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received for every item that had been put() into the queue). Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items placed in the queue. """ self.all_tasks_done.acquire() try: unfinished = self.unfinished_tasks - 1 if unfinished <= 0: if unfinished < 0: raise ValueError('task_done() called too many times') self.all_tasks_done.notify_all() self.unfinished_tasks = unfinished finally: self.all_tasks_done.release() def join(self): """Blocks until all items in the Queue have been gotten and processed. The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the queue. The count goes down whenever a consumer thread calls task_done() to indicate the item was retrieved and all work on it is complete. When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks. """ self.all_tasks_done.acquire() try: while self.unfinished_tasks: self.all_tasks_done.wait() finally: self.all_tasks_done.release() def qsize(self): """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!).""" self.mutex.acquire() n = self._qsize() self.mutex.release() return n def empty(self): """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not reliable!).""" self.mutex.acquire() n = not self._qsize() self.mutex.release() return n def full(self): """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not reliable!).""" self.mutex.acquire() n = 0 < self.maxsize == self._qsize() self.mutex.release() return n def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None): """Put an item into the queue. If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default), block if necessary until a free slot is available. If 'timeout' is a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises the Full exception if no free slot was available within that time. Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout' is ignored in that case). """ self.not_full.acquire() try: if self.maxsize > 0: if not block: if self._qsize() == self.maxsize: raise Full elif timeout is None: while self._qsize() == self.maxsize: self.not_full.wait() elif timeout < 0: raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number") else: endtime = _time() + timeout while self._qsize() == self.maxsize: remaining = endtime - _time() if remaining <= 0.0: raise Full self.not_full.wait(remaining) self._put(item) self.unfinished_tasks += 1 self.not_empty.notify() finally: self.not_full.release() def put_nowait(self, item): """Put an item into the queue without blocking. Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available. Otherwise raise the Full exception. """ return self.put(item, False) def get(self, block=True, timeout=None): """Remove and return an item from the queue. If optional args 'block' is true and 'timeout' is None (the default), block if necessary until an item is available. If 'timeout' is a non-negative number, it blocks at most 'timeout' seconds and raises the Empty exception if no item was available within that time. Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored in that case). """ self.not_empty.acquire() try: if not block: if not self._qsize(): raise Empty elif timeout is None: while not self._qsize(): self.not_empty.wait() elif timeout < 0: raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number") else: endtime = _time() + timeout while not self._qsize(): remaining = endtime - _time() if remaining <= 0.0: raise Empty self.not_empty.wait(remaining) item = self._get() self.not_full.notify() return item finally: self.not_empty.release() def get_nowait(self): """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking. Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise raise the Empty exception. """ return self.get(False) # Override these methods to implement other queue organizations # (e.g. stack or priority queue). # These will only be called with appropriate locks held # Initialize the queue representation def _init(self, maxsize): self.queue = deque() def _qsize(self, len=len): return len(self.queue) # Put a new item in the queue def _put(self, item): self.queue.append(item) # Get an item from the queue def _get(self): return self.queue.popleft()