轉載請註明出處:http://blog.csdn.net/singwhatiwanna/article/details/19302593java
當長按手機的power鍵,Android手機就會開機,那麼Android系統的開機啓動過程究竟是怎麼樣的呢,本文將要介紹這一過程。簡單來講,Android系統的開機啓動過程大體是這樣的:首先linux系統會啓動一個叫作zygote(能夠稱爲受精卵、母體)的linux程序,這個程序實際上就是android系統的內核,zygote啓動的時候會創建socket服務端並加載大量的類和資源。接着zygote會孵化第一個dalvik進程SystemServer,在SystemServer中會建立一個socket客戶端,後續AMS(ActivityManagerService)會經過此客戶端和zygote通訊,zygote再根據請求孵化出新的dalvik進程即啓動一個新的apk同時把新進程的socket鏈接關閉。SystemServer初始化完畢後會啓動一個位於桟頂的activity,因爲系統剛開機,因此task桟頂沒有activity,因而接着它會發送一個隱式的intent(category:CATEGORY_HOME),也就是launcher了,即Android系統的桌面程序,launcher啓動之後,咱們就能夠經過桌面啓動各類應用了,能夠發現,launcher能夠有多個,第三方應用只要加入launcher所須要的intent-filter便可。下面一一分析各個流程。(注:本文分析基於Android4.3源碼)linux
zygote是一個linux程序,其對應的可執行文件位於/system/bin/app_process,它在/init.rc中定義,以下android
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
class main
socket zygote stream 660 root system
onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
onrestart write /sys/power/state on
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart netdgit
能夠發現,zygote建立了一個流式套接字(即採用TCP協議),並監聽660端口,而且當zygote重啓的時候須要對喚醒電源並重啓Media、netd服務。下面看zygote的源碼,其路徑爲frameworks\base\cmds\app_process\app_main.cpp中:app
int main(int argc, char* const argv[]) { #ifdef __arm__ /* * b/7188322 - Temporarily revert to the compat memory layout * to avoid breaking third party apps. * * THIS WILL GO AWAY IN A FUTURE ANDROID RELEASE. * * http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commitdiff;h=7dbaa466 * changes the kernel mapping from bottom up to top-down. * This breaks some programs which improperly embed * an out of date copy of Android's linker. */ char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX]; property_get("ro.kernel.qemu", value, ""); bool is_qemu = (strcmp(value, "1") == 0); if ((getenv("NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP") == NULL) && !is_qemu) { int current = personality(0xFFFFFFFF); if ((current & ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT) == 0) { personality(current | ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT); setenv("NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP", "1", 1); execv("/system/bin/app_process", argv); return -1; } } unsetenv("NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP"); #endif // These are global variables in ProcessState.cpp mArgC = argc; mArgV = argv; mArgLen = 0; for (int i=0; i<argc; i++) { mArgLen += strlen(argv[i]) + 1; } mArgLen--; //注意,這裏持有了一個AppRuntime對象,其繼承自AndroidRuntime AppRuntime runtime; const char* argv0 = argv[0]; // Process command line arguments // ignore argv[0] argc--; argv++; // Everything up to '--' or first non '-' arg goes to the vm int i = runtime.addVmArguments(argc, argv); // Parse runtime arguments. Stop at first unrecognized option. bool zygote = false; bool startSystemServer = false; bool application = false; const char* parentDir = NULL; const char* niceName = NULL; const char* className = NULL; //這裏是解析init.rc中定義的zygote的啓動參數 while (i < argc) { const char* arg = argv[i++]; if (!parentDir) { parentDir = arg; } else if (strcmp(arg, "--zygote") == 0) { zygote = true; niceName = "zygote"; } else if (strcmp(arg, "--start-system-server") == 0) { startSystemServer = true; } else if (strcmp(arg, "--application") == 0) { application = true; } else if (strncmp(arg, "--nice-name=", 12) == 0) { niceName = arg + 12; } else { className = arg; break; } } if (niceName && *niceName) { setArgv0(argv0, niceName); set_process_name(niceName); } runtime.mParentDir = parentDir; if (zygote) { //從init.rc中的定義能夠看出,zygote爲true,startSystemServer也爲true //最終這裏會調用ZygoteInit的main方法 runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", startSystemServer ? "start-system-server" : ""); } else if (className) { // Remainder of args get passed to startup class main() runtime.mClassName = className; runtime.mArgC = argc - i; runtime.mArgV = argv + i; runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit", application ? "application" : "tool"); } else { fprintf(stderr, "Error: no class name or --zygote supplied.\n"); app_usage(); LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("app_process: no class name or --zygote supplied."); return 10; } }
說明:這句代碼runtime.start("com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit", startSystemServer ? "start-system-server" : "")在AndroidRuntime中實現,其最終會調用ZygoteInit的main方法,請看env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);這裏的startClass就是com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit,而startMeth就是main,因此,咱們直接看ZygoteInit的main方法,代碼路徑爲:frameworks\base\core\java\com\android\internal\os\ZygoteInit.java:less
public static void main(String argv[]) { try { // Start profiling the zygote initialization. SamplingProfilerIntegration.start(); //這裏註冊流式socket,以便於fork新的dalvik進程 registerZygoteSocket(); EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START, SystemClock.uptimeMillis()); //這裏預先加載一些類和資源 preload(); EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END, SystemClock.uptimeMillis()); // Finish profiling the zygote initialization. SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot(); // Do an initial gc to clean up after startup gc(); // Disable tracing so that forked processes do not inherit stale tracing tags from // Zygote. Trace.setTracingEnabled(false); // If requested, start system server directly from Zygote if (argv.length != 2) { throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING); } if (argv[1].equals("start-system-server")) { //啓動SystemServer,zygote經過SystemServer和上層服務進行交互 startSystemServer(); } else if (!argv[1].equals("")) { throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING); } Log.i(TAG, "Accepting command socket connections"); //經過Select方式監聽端口,即異步讀取消息,死循環,沒有消息則一直阻塞在那裏 runSelectLoop(); closeServerSocket(); } catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) { caller.run(); } catch (RuntimeException ex) { Log.e(TAG, "Zygote died with exception", ex); closeServerSocket(); throw ex; } }
下面看一下runSelectLoop方法,看看它是如何fork產生一個新的進程的:異步
/** * Runs the zygote process's select loop. Accepts new connections as * they happen, and reads commands from connections one spawn-request's * worth at a time. * * @throws MethodAndArgsCaller in a child process when a main() should * be executed. */ private static void runSelectLoop() throws MethodAndArgsCaller { ArrayList<FileDescriptor> fds = new ArrayList<FileDescriptor>(); ArrayList<ZygoteConnection> peers = new ArrayList<ZygoteConnection>(); FileDescriptor[] fdArray = new FileDescriptor[4]; fds.add(sServerSocket.getFileDescriptor()); peers.add(null); int loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT; //死循環,沒有消息則一直阻塞在這裏 while (true) { int index; /* * Call gc() before we block in select(). * It's work that has to be done anyway, and it's better * to avoid making every child do it. It will also * madvise() any free memory as a side-effect. * * Don't call it every time, because walking the entire * heap is a lot of overhead to free a few hundred bytes. */ if (loopCount <= 0) { gc(); loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT; } else { loopCount--; } try { fdArray = fds.toArray(fdArray); //經過select()函數來讀取新的socket消息,其返回值有<0、0、>0三種 //分別表明:發生異常、繼續讀取新消息、首先處理當前消息 index = selectReadable(fdArray); } catch (IOException ex) { throw new RuntimeException("Error in select()", ex); } if (index < 0) { throw new RuntimeException("Error in select()"); } else if (index == 0) { //構造一個ZygoteConnection對象,並將其加入到peers列表中 ZygoteConnection newPeer = acceptCommandPeer(); peers.add(newPeer); fds.add(newPeer.getFileDesciptor()); } else { boolean done; //這裏處理當前socket消息,ZygoteConnection的runOnce會被調用,一個新的dalvik進程會被建立 done = peers.get(index).runOnce(); if (done) { //處理完了之後刪除此socket消息 peers.remove(index); fds.remove(index); } } } }
接着,咱們還須要看下ZygoteConnection的runOnce方法,看看一個dalvik進程究竟是如何產生的,咱們知道每一個apk都運行在一個獨立的dalvik進程中,因此當啓動一個apk的時候,zygote會孵化出一個新的進程,在這個進程中運行此apk。 在ZygoteConnection中,新進程是經過Zygote的靜態方法forkAndSpecialize來產生的:socket
pid = Zygote.forkAndSpecialize(parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid, parsedArgs.gids,
parsedArgs.debugFlags, rlimits, parsedArgs.mountExternal, parsedArgs.seInfo, parsedArgs.niceName);ide
具體的咱們就不用多看了,內部確定是經過linux系統的fork()函數來產生一個新進程的。當一個新的dalvik進程產生了之後,還須要作一些清場的工做,因爲新進程是由zygote程序fork出來的,因此子進程具備zygote的一份拷貝,咱們知道,zygote啓動的時候建立了一個socket服務端,這個服務端只能有一個,由zygote孵化的子進程是不該該有的,因此子進程孵化出來之後,還必須關閉拷貝的socket服務端,這些操做在handleChildProc方法中完成:函數
private void handleChildProc(Arguments parsedArgs, FileDescriptor[] descriptors, FileDescriptor pipeFd, PrintStream newStderr) throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller { //關閉本地和服務端(若是有)的socket closeSocket(); ZygoteInit.closeServerSocket(); if (descriptors != null) { try { ZygoteInit.reopenStdio(descriptors[0], descriptors[1], descriptors[2]); for (FileDescriptor fd: descriptors) { IoUtils.closeQuietly(fd); } newStderr = System.err; } catch (IOException ex) { Log.e(TAG, "Error reopening stdio", ex); } } if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) { Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName); } if (parsedArgs.runtimeInit) { if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) { WrapperInit.execApplication(parsedArgs.invokeWith, parsedArgs.niceName, parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, pipeFd, parsedArgs.remainingArgs); } else { RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs); } } else { String className; try { className = parsedArgs.remainingArgs[0]; } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { logAndPrintError(newStderr, "Missing required class name argument", null); return; } String[] mainArgs = new String[parsedArgs.remainingArgs.length - 1]; System.arraycopy(parsedArgs.remainingArgs, 1, mainArgs, 0, mainArgs.length); if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) { WrapperInit.execStandalone(parsedArgs.invokeWith, parsedArgs.classpath, className, mainArgs); } else { ClassLoader cloader; if (parsedArgs.classpath != null) { cloader = new PathClassLoader(parsedArgs.classpath, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()); } else { cloader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(); } try { //這裏子進程的main方法被調用,此時,子進程徹底從zygote(母體)上脫離出來了 ZygoteInit.invokeStaticMain(cloader, className, mainArgs); } catch (RuntimeException ex) { logAndPrintError(newStderr, "Error starting.", ex); } } } }
同時在ZygoteInit中會預先加載一些類和資源,具體代碼在preload方法中:
static void preload() {SystemServer做爲zygote孵化的第一個dalvik進程,其孵化過程在上面已經進行了描述,可是其和普通進程的啓動略有不一樣,普通進程由Zygote.forkAndSpecialize來啓動,而SystemServer由Zygote.forkSystemServer來啓動,其次是SystemServer內部多建立了一個socket客戶端。關於SystemServer內部的本地socket客戶端,本文前面已經說過,外圍的Service都是經過SystemServer和zygote交互的,好比要啓動一個apk,首先AMS會發起一個新進程的建立請求,在startProcessLocked方法中會調用Process的start方法,其內部會調用startViaZygote方法,而在startViaZygote內部會建立一個本地socket和zygote通訊,咱們要知道,AMS是在SystemServer進程中建立的,因此說在SystemServer中建立一個本地socket和zygote通訊是有道理的。SystemServer的一個很重要的做用是建立各類服務,包括你們常見的WindowManagerService 、AlarmManagerService、ActivityManagerService等,而後上層的各類manager經過binder和service進行交互,關於SystemServer建立各類服務的過程以及和binder的交互,請參考我以前寫的一篇博客的其中一節,這裏就不重複了:各類Manager和Binder服務的對應關係。
final boolean resumeTopActivityLocked(ActivityRecord prev, Bundle options) { // Find the first activity that is not finishing. //找到桟頂的activity記錄 ActivityRecord next = topRunningActivityLocked(null); // Remember how we'll process this pause/resume situation, and ensure // that the state is reset however we wind up proceeding. final boolean userLeaving = mUserLeaving; mUserLeaving = false; //因爲系統剛啓動,桟頂確定沒有activity,因此next爲null if (next == null) { // There are no more activities! Let's just start up the // Launcher... if (mMainStack) { ActivityOptions.abort(options); //程序執行到這裏,桌面就會被調起來 return mService.startHomeActivityLocked(mCurrentUser); } } ...此處省略 }
最後看看桌面是如何被調起來的:
boolean startHomeActivityLocked(int userId) { if (mHeadless) { // Added because none of the other calls to ensureBootCompleted seem to fire // when running headless. ensureBootCompleted(); return false; } if (mFactoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL && mTopAction == null) { // We are running in factory test mode, but unable to find // the factory test app, so just sit around displaying the // error message and don't try to start anything. return false; } Intent intent = new Intent( mTopAction, mTopData != null ? Uri.parse(mTopData) : null); intent.setComponent(mTopComponent); if (mFactoryTest != SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) { //其實就是爲intent加上CATEGORY_HOME這個Category,接着就發送隱式intent來調起全部知足條件的桌面 //這也是第三方桌面存在的價值 intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME); } ActivityInfo aInfo = resolveActivityInfo(intent, STOCK_PM_FLAGS, userId); if (aInfo != null) { intent.setComponent(new ComponentName( aInfo.applicationInfo.packageName, aInfo.name)); // Don't do this if the home app is currently being // instrumented. aInfo = new ActivityInfo(aInfo); aInfo.applicationInfo = getAppInfoForUser(aInfo.applicationInfo, userId); ProcessRecord app = getProcessRecordLocked(aInfo.processName, aInfo.applicationInfo.uid); if (app == null || app.instrumentationClass == null) { intent.setFlags(intent.getFlags() | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK); //這裏啓動桌面activity,到此爲止,桌面被啓動了,咱們就能夠認爲手機開機完成了 mMainStack.startActivityLocked(null, intent, null, aInfo, null, null, 0, 0, 0, null, 0, null, false, null); } } return true; }
到此爲止,桌面已經啓動了,也就意味着手機的開機啓動過程已經完成,後續咱們就能夠經過桌面來啓動各個應用了,根據本文的介紹,咱們已經知道apk啓動時dalvik進程的建立過程,關於單個activity的啓動過程,請參看我以前寫的另外一篇文章Android源碼分析-Activity的啓動過程。到此爲止,本文結束了,相信你們對Android系統的開機啓動過程應該有了一個感性的認識了。