ffmpeg time_base詳解

ffmpeg time_basehtml

ffmpeg存在多個時間基準(time_base),對應不一樣的階段(結構體),每一個time_base具體的值不同,ffmpeg提供函數在各個time_base中進行切換。搞清楚各個time_base的來源,對於閱讀ffmpeg的代碼很重要。

1、time_base
一、AVStream(libavformat/avformat.h)app

typedef struct AVStream {
    /**
     * This is the fundamental unit of time (in seconds) in terms
     * of which frame timestamps are represented.
     *
     * decoding: set by libavformat
     * encoding: May be set by the caller before avformat_write_header() to
     *           provide a hint to the muxer about the desired timebase. In
     *           avformat_write_header(), the muxer will overwrite this field
     *           with the timebase that will actually be used for the timestamps
     *           written into the file (which may or may not be related to the
     *           user-provided one, depending on the format).
     */
    AVRational time_base;

    /**
     * Decoding: pts of the first frame of the stream in presentation order, in stream time base.
     * Only set this if you are absolutely 100% sure that the value you set
     * it to really is the pts of the first frame.
     * This may be undefined (AV_NOPTS_VALUE).
     * @note The ASF header does NOT contain a correct start_time the ASF
     * demuxer must NOT set this.
     */
    int64_t start_time;

    /**
     * Decoding: duration of the stream, in stream time base.
     * If a source file does not specify a duration, but does specify
     * a bitrate, this value will be estimated from bitrate and file size.
     */
    int64_t duration;

從上面的信息能夠看到,AVStream->time_base單位爲秒。

那AVStream->time_base具體的值是多少呢?下面以mpegts_demuxer爲例:
static int mpegts_set_stream_info(AVStream *st, PESContext *pes,
                                  uint32_t stream_type, uint32_t prog_reg_desc)
{
avpriv_set_pts_info(st, 33, 1, 90000);


void avpriv_set_pts_info(AVStream *s, int pts_wrap_bits,
                         unsigned int pts_num, unsigned int pts_den)
{
    AVRational new_tb;
    if (av_reduce(&new_tb.num, &new_tb.den, pts_num, pts_den, INT_MAX)) {
        if (new_tb.num != pts_num)
            av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_DEBUG,
                   "st:%d removing common factor %d from timebase\n",
                   s->index, pts_num / new_tb.num);
    } else
        av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_WARNING,
               "st:%d has too large timebase, reducing\n", s->index);

    if (new_tb.num <= 0 || new_tb.den <= 0) {
        av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_ERROR,
               "Ignoring attempt to set invalid timebase %d/%d for st:%d\n",
               new_tb.num, new_tb.den,
               s->index);
        return;
    }
    s->time_base     = new_tb;
    av_codec_set_pkt_timebase(s->codec, new_tb);
    s->pts_wrap_bits = pts_wrap_bits;
}

經過avpriv_set_pts_info(st, 33, 1, 90000)函數,設置AVStream->time_base爲1/90000。爲何是90000?由於mpeg的pts、dts都是以90kHz來採樣的,因此採樣間隔爲1/90000秒。

二、AVCodecContext
typedef struct AVCodecContext {
    /**
     * This is the fundamental unit of time (in seconds) in terms
     * of which frame timestamps are represented. For fixed-fps content,
     * timebase should be 1/framerate and timestamp increments should be
     * identically 1.
     * - encoding: MUST be set by user.
     * - decoding: Set by libavcodec.
     */
    AVRational time_base;

從上面的信息能夠看到,AVCodecContext->time_base單位一樣爲秒,不過精度沒有AVStream->time_base高,大小爲1/framerate。

下面以ffmpeg轉碼工具爲例:less

static int transcode_init(void)
{
            if (enc_ctx->codec_type == AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO) {
                if (ost->filter && !ost->frame_rate.num)
                    ost->frame_rate = av_buffersink_get_frame_rate(ost->filter->filter);
                if (ist && !ost->frame_rate.num)
                    ost->frame_rate = ist->framerate;
                if (ist && !ost->frame_rate.num)
                    ost->frame_rate = ist->st->r_frame_rate;
                if (ist && !ost->frame_rate.num) {
                    ost->frame_rate = (AVRational){25, 1};
                    av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_WARNING,
                           "No information "
                           "about the input framerate is available. Falling "
                           "back to a default value of 25fps for output stream #%d:%d. Use the -r option "
                           "if you want a different framerate.\n",
                           ost->file_index, ost->index);
                }
//                    ost->frame_rate = ist->st->avg_frame_rate.num ? ist->st->avg_frame_rate : (AVRational){25, 1};
                if (ost->enc && ost->enc->supported_framerates && !ost->force_fps) {
                    int idx = av_find_nearest_q_idx(ost->frame_rate, ost->enc->supported_framerates);
                    ost->frame_rate = ost->enc->supported_framerates[idx];
                }
                if (enc_ctx->codec_id == AV_CODEC_ID_MPEG4) {
                    av_reduce(&ost->frame_rate.num, &ost->frame_rate.den,
                              ost->frame_rate.num, ost->frame_rate.den, 65535);
                }
            }

            switch (enc_ctx->codec_type) {
            case AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO:
                
                enc_ctx->time_base = av_inv_q(ost->frame_rate);
                if (ost->filter && !(enc_ctx->time_base.num && enc_ctx->time_base.den))
                    enc_ctx->time_base = ost->filter->filter->inputs[0]->time_base;
                if (   av_q2d(enc_ctx->time_base) < 0.001 && video_sync_method != VSYNC_PASSTHROUGH
                   && (video_sync_method == VSYNC_CFR || video_sync_method == VSYNC_VSCFR || (video_sync_method == VSYNC_AUTO && !(oc->oformat->flags & AVFMT_VARIABLE_FPS)))){
                    av_log(oc, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Frame rate very high for a muxer not efficiently supporting it.\n"
                                               "Please consider specifying a lower framerate, a different muxer or -vsync 2\n");
                }

首先獲取ost->frame_rate,而後計算enc_ctx->time_base = 1/ost->frame_rate。

總結:
    AVStream->time_base比AVCodecContext->time_base精度要高(數值要小),好比AVStream->time_base爲1/90000,而AVCodecContext->time_base爲1/30(假設frame_rate爲30);一樣的pts和dts,以AVStream->time_base爲單位,數值要比以AVCodecContext->time_base爲單位要大。

2、pts、dts
那各個結構下,pts和dts使用哪一個time_base來表示呢?

一、AVPacketide

typedef struct AVPacket {
    /**
     * Presentation timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the decompressed packet will be presented to the user.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     * pts MUST be larger or equal to dts as presentation cannot happen before
     * decompression, unless one wants to view hex dumps. Some formats misuse
     * the terms dts and pts/cts to mean something different. Such timestamps
     * must be converted to true pts/dts before they are stored in AVPacket.
     */
    int64_t pts;
    /**
     * Decompression timestamp in AVStream->time_base units; the time at which
     * the packet is decompressed.
     * Can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if it is not stored in the file.
     */
    int64_t dts;

從上面能夠看到,AVPacket下的pts和dts以AVStream->time_base爲單位(數值比較大)。這也很容易理解,根據mpeg的協議,壓縮後或解壓前的數據,pts和dts是90kHz時鐘的採樣值,時間間隔就是AVStream->time_base。

二、AVFrame函數

typedef struct AVFrame {
    /**
     * Presentation timestamp in time_base units (time when frame should be shown to user).
     */
    int64_t pts;

    /**
     * PTS copied from the AVPacket that was decoded to produce this frame.
     */
    int64_t pkt_pts;

    /**
     * DTS copied from the AVPacket that triggered returning this frame. (if frame threading isn't used)
     * This is also the Presentation time of this AVFrame calculated from
     * only AVPacket.dts values without pts values.
     */
    int64_t pkt_dts;

注意:
    AVFrame裏面的pkt_pts和pkt_dts是拷貝自AVPacket,一樣以AVStream->time_base爲單位;而pts是爲輸出(顯示)準備的,以AVCodecContex->time_base爲單位)。//FIXME

三、InputStream工具

typedef struct InputStream {
    int file_index;
    AVStream *st;
    AVCodecContext *dec_ctx;
    int64_t       start;     /* time when read started */
    /* predicted dts of the next packet read for this stream or (when there are
     * several frames in a packet) of the next frame in current packet (in AV_TIME_BASE units) */
    int64_t       next_dts;
    int64_t       dts;       ///< dts of the last packet read for this stream (in AV_TIME_BASE units)

    int64_t       next_pts;  ///< synthetic pts for the next decode frame (in AV_TIME_BASE units)
    int64_t       pts;       ///< current pts of the decoded frame  (in AV_TIME_BASE units)

從上面能夠看到,InputStream下的pts和dts以AV_TIME_BASE爲單位(微秒),至於爲何要轉化爲微妙,多是爲了不使用浮點數。

四、OutputStreamui

typedef struct OutputStream {
    int file_index;          /* file index */
    int index;               /* stream index in the output file */
    int source_index;        /* InputStream index */
    AVStream *st;            /* stream in the output file */
    int encoding_needed;     /* true if encoding needed for this stream */
    int frame_number;
    /* input pts and corresponding output pts
       for A/V sync */
    struct InputStream *sync_ist; /* input stream to sync against */
    int64_t sync_opts;       /* output frame counter, could be changed to some true timestamp */ // FIXME look at frame_number
    /* pts of the first frame encoded for this stream, used for limiting
     * recording time */
    int64_t first_pts;
    /* dts of the last packet sent to the muxer */
    int64_t last_mux_dts;
    AVBitStreamFilterContext *bitstream_filters;
    AVCodecContext *enc_ctx;
    AVCodec *enc;
    int64_t max_frames;
    AVFrame *filtered_frame;

OutputStream涉及音視頻同步,結構和InputStream不一樣,暫時只做記錄,不分析。


3、各個time_base之間轉換

ffmpeg提供av_rescale_q函數用於time_base之間轉換,av_rescale_q(a,b,c)做用至關於執行a*b/c,經過設置b,c的值,能夠很方便的實現time_base之間轉換。
例如:
一、InputStream(AV_TIME_BASE)到AVPacket(AVStream->time_base)this

static int decode_video(InputStream *ist, AVPacket *pkt, int *got_output)
{
pkt->dts  = av_rescale_q(ist->dts, AV_TIME_BASE_Q, ist->st->time_base);

二、AVPacket(AVStream->time_base)到InputStream(AV_TIME_BASE)編碼

static int process_input_packet(InputStream *ist, const AVPacket *pkt)
{

    if (pkt->dts != AV_NOPTS_VALUE) {
        ist->next_dts = ist->dts = av_rescale_q(pkt->dts, ist->st->time_base, AV_TIME_BASE_Q);

4、後記:
   AVFrame->pts和AVPacket->pts、AVPacket->dts的值,在解碼/編碼後,會經歷短暫的time_base不匹配的狀況:

一、解碼後url

static int decode_video(InputStream *ist, AVPacket *pkt, int *got_output)
{
    decoded_frame = ist->decoded_frame;
    pkt->dts  = av_rescale_q(ist->dts, AV_TIME_BASE_Q, ist->st->time_base); 

    update_benchmark(NULL);
    ret = avcodec_decode_video2(ist->dec_ctx,
                                decoded_frame, got_output, pkt);

    best_effort_timestamp= av_frame_get_best_effort_timestamp(decoded_frame);   
    if(best_effort_timestamp != AV_NOPTS_VALUE)
        ist->next_pts = ist->pts = av_rescale_q(decoded_frame->pts = best_effort_timestamp, ist->st->time_base, AV_TIME_BASE_Q);

解碼後,decoded_frame->pts的值使用AVStream->time_base爲單位,後在AVFilter裏面轉換成以AVCodecContext->time_base爲單位。   //FIXME

二、編碼後

static void do_video_out(AVFormatContext *s,
                         OutputStream *ost,
                         AVFrame *in_picture)
{
        ret = avcodec_encode_video2(enc, &pkt, in_picture, &got_packet);    
        if (got_packet) {
            if (debug_ts) {
                av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_INFO, "encoder -> type:video "
                       "pkt_pts:%s pkt_pts_time:%s pkt_dts:%s pkt_dts_time:%s\n",
                       av_ts2str(pkt.pts), av_ts2timestr(pkt.pts, &enc->time_base),
                       av_ts2str(pkt.dts), av_ts2timestr(pkt.dts, &enc->time_base));
            }

            if (pkt.pts == AV_NOPTS_VALUE && !(enc->codec->capabilities & CODEC_CAP_DELAY))
                pkt.pts = ost->sync_opts;

            av_packet_rescale_ts(&pkt, enc->time_base, ost->st->time_base); 

            if (debug_ts) {
                av_log(NULL, AV_LOG_INFO, "encoder -> type:video "
                    "pkt_pts:%s pkt_pts_time:%s pkt_dts:%s pkt_dts_time:%s\n",
                    av_ts2str(pkt.pts), av_ts2timestr(pkt.pts, &ost->st->time_base),
                    av_ts2str(pkt.dts), av_ts2timestr(pkt.dts, &ost->st->time_base));
            }

            frame_size = pkt.size;
            write_frame(s, &pkt, ost);  
            /* if two pass, output log */
            if (ost->logfile && enc->stats_out) {
                fprintf(ost->logfile, "%s", enc->stats_out);
            }
        }

編碼後,pkt.pts、pkt.dts使用AVCodecContext->time_base爲單位,後經過調用"av_packet_rescale_ts"轉換爲AVStream->time_base爲單位。

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