python框架之Django(4)-視圖&路由

時間 2019-11-07

標籤 python 框架 django 視圖路由欄目 Python 简体版

原文原文鏈接

視圖

負責接收請求和返回響應html

FBV和CBV

FBV

FBV（function base views）就是在視圖裏使用函數處理請求。django

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 from django.contrib import admin
3 
4 from test_app import views
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test/', views.test),
7 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

1 from django.shortcuts import render
2 
3 
4 def test(request):
5     if (request.method == 'POST'):
6         ...  # do something
7     else:
8         ...  # do something

/[app name]/views.py

CBV

CBV（class base views）就是在視圖裏使用類處理請求。緩存

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 from django.contrib import admin
3 
4 from test_app import views
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test/', views.Test.as_view()),
7 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

 1 from django.shortcuts import render
 2 from django.views import View
 3 
 4 
 5 class Test(View):
 6     def get(self, request):
 7         ... # do something
 8 
 9     def post(self, request):
10         ... # do something

/[app name]/views.py

request

1. request.method    # 獲取請求的方法（GET、POST等）
2. request.GET       # 一般用來獲取URL裏面的參數                
3. request.POST      # 用來獲取POST提交過來的數據
4. request.path_info # 獲取用戶請求的路徑(不包含IP和端口和URL參數)
5. request.body      # 獲取請求正文

response

1. HttpResponse        # 返回字符串內容
2. render              # 渲染並返回html頁面            
3. redirect            # 返回一個重定向
4. JsonResponse        # 將對象序列化成Json格式字符串並返回

路由

格式

from django.conf.urls import url

urlpatterns = [
     url([正則], [視圖函數]，[參數]，name=[別名]),
]

# 注意:Django 2.0中有所不一樣,以下:

from django.urls import path

urlpatterns = [
    path([正則], [視圖函數]，[參數]，name=[別名]),
]

分組匹配

位置匹配

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 
3 from test_app import views
4 urlpatterns = [
5     url(r'^test/([a-zA-z]+)/([0-9]{1,2})', views.Test.as_view()),
6 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

1 from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
2 from django.views import View
3 
4 
5 class Test(View):
6     def get(self, request, name, age):
7         resp_str = '姓名:{} 年齡:{}'.format(name,age)
8         return HttpResponse(resp_str)

/[app name]/views.py

result

命名匹配

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 
3 from test_app import views
4 urlpatterns = [
5     url(r'^test/(?P<name>[a-zA-z]+)/(?P<age>[0-9]{1,2})/', views.Test.as_view()),
6 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

1 from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
2 from django.views import View
3 
4 
5 class Test(View):
6     def get(self, request, age, name):
7         resp_str = '姓名:{} 年齡:{}'.format(name,age)
8         return HttpResponse(resp_str)

/[app name]/views.py

result

include

可讓路由信息保存在多個文件中app

1 from django.conf.urls import url,include
2 
3 urlpatterns = [
4     url(r'^test_app/',include('test_app.urls'))
5 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

1 from django.conf.urls import url, include
2 
3 from . import views
4 
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test', views.Test.as_view())
7 ]

/[app name]/urls.py

上述配置對應的地址就是： http://localhost:8000/test_app/test ide

URL命名&反向解析

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 from test_app import views
3 
4 
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test/([a-zA-Z]+)/([0-9]{1,2})', views.Test.as_view(), name='test_name')
7 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

 1 from django.shortcuts import render
 2 from django.views import View
 3 from django.urls import reverse
 4 
 5 
 6 class Test(View):
 7     def get(self, request, name, age):
 8         request_url = reverse('test_name',args=(name,age))
 9         reverse_url = reverse('test_name',args=('zhangsan',20))
10         return render(request, 'test.html', {'request_url':request_url,'reverse_url': reverse_url})

/[app name]/views.py

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html lang="en">
 3 <head>
 4     <meta charset="UTF-8">
 5     <title>test</title>
 6 </head>
 7 <body>
 8 請求的URL:
 9 <br>
10 {{ request_url }}
11 <hr>
12 視圖中解析：<br>
13 {{ reverse_url }}
14 <hr>
15 模板中解析：<br>
16 {% url 'test_name' 'zhangsan' 19 %}
17 </body>
18 </html>

/templates/test.html

result

補充

APPEND_SLASH

settings.py配置文件中默認沒有 APPEND_SLASH這個項，但Django默認這個參數爲 APPEND_SLASH = True。做用就是自動在網址結尾加'/'。（測試不生效注意清理歷史緩存）函數

給視圖傳遞額外參數

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 from test_app import views
3 
4 urlpatterns = [
5     url(r'^test/([a-zA-Z]+)/([0-9]{1,2})', views.Test.as_view(), {'sex': 'male'})
6 ]

/[project name]/urls.py

1 from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
2 from django.views import View
3 
4 
5 class Test(View):
6     def get(self, request, age, name,sex):
7         resp_str = '姓名:{} 年齡:{} 性別:{}'.format(name,age,sex)
8         return HttpResponse(resp_str)

/[app name]/views.py

result

路由中的namespace

用於區分多個app中name相同的urlpost

1 from django.conf.urls import url, include
2 from test_app import views
3 
4 urlpatterns = [
5     url(r'^test/',views.Test.as_view()),
6     url(r'^test_app1/', include('test_app1.urls', namespace='app1')),
7     url(r'^test_app2/', include('test_app2.urls', namespace='app2')),
8 ]

/django_test/urls.py

 1 from django.shortcuts import render
 2 from django.views import View
 3 from django.urls import reverse
 4 
 5 
 6 class Test(View):
 7     def get(self, request):
 8         app1_url = reverse('app1:same_name', args=('zhangsan', 19))
 9         app2_url = reverse('app2:same_name', args=('lisi', 20))
10         return render(request, 'test.html', {'app1_url': app1_url, 'app2_url': app2_url})

/test_app/views.py

1 from django.conf.urls import url, include
2 
3 from . import views
4 
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test/([a-zA-Z]+)/([0-9]{1,2})', views.Test.as_view(), name='same_name')
7 ]

/test_app1/urls.py

1 from django.conf.urls import url, include
2 
3 from . import views
4 
5 urlpatterns = [
6     url(r'^test/([a-zA-Z]+)/([0-9]{1,2})', views.Test.as_view(), name='same_name')
7 ]

/test_app2/urls.py

 1 <!DOCTYPE html>
 2 <html lang="en">
 3 <head>
 4     <meta charset="UTF-8">
 5     <title>test</title>
 6 </head>
 7 <body>
 8 視圖中使用
 9 <br>
10 {{ app1_url }}
11 <br>
12 {{ app2_url }}
13 <hr>
14 模板中使用
15 <br>
16 {% url 'app1:same_name' 'zhangsan' 19%}
17 <br>
18 {% url 'app2:same_name' 'lisi' 20 %}
19 </body>
20 </html>

/templates/test.html

result

路由分發

路由能夠以如下格式多級分發：測試

1 from django.conf.urls import url
2 from img_upload import views
3 
4 urlpatterns = [
5     url(r'^user/', [(
6         url(r'^add/', views.add),  # host:port/user/add/
7         url(r'^list/', views.list)  # host:port/user/list/
8     ), None, None]),
9 ]