Linux 文件恢復(XFS & EXT4)

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Linux中,刪除rm命令使用需謹慎,有時候可能因爲誤操做,致使重要文件刪除了,這時不要太緊張,操做得當的話,仍是能夠恢復的。node


EXT 類型文件恢復

刪除一個文件,實際上並不清除inode節點和block的數據,只是在這個文件的父目錄裏面的block中,刪除這個文件的名字。Linux是經過Link的數量來控制文件刪除的,只有當一個文件不存在任何Link的時候,這個文件纔會被刪除。c++

固然,這裏所指的是完全刪除,即已經不能經過回收站找回的狀況,好比使用rm -rf來刪除數據。針對Linux下的EXT文件系統,可用的恢復工具備debugfsext3grepextundelete等。 其中extundelete是一個開源的Linux數據恢復工具,支持ext3ext4文件系統。數據庫

在數據被誤刪除後,第一時間要作的就是卸載被刪除數據所在的分區,若是是根分區的數據遭到誤刪,就須要將系統進入單用戶模式,而且將根分區以只讀模式掛載。這樣作的緣由很簡單,由於將文件刪除後,僅僅是將文件的inode節點中的扇區指針清零,實際文件還存儲在磁盤上,若是磁盤繼續以讀寫模式掛載,這些已刪除的文件的數據塊就可能被操做系統從新分配出去,在這些數據庫被新的數據覆蓋後,這些數據就真的丟失了,恢復工具也迴天無力。因此以只讀模式掛載磁盤能夠儘可能下降數據庫中數據被覆蓋的風險,以提升恢復數據成功的比例。session

Demo

在編譯安裝extundelete以前須要先安裝兩個依賴包e2fsprogs-libse2fsprogs-devel,這兩個包在系統安裝光盤的/Package目錄下就有,使用rpmyum命令將其安裝。e2fsprogs-devel安裝依賴於libcom_err-devel包。dom

1.系統使用的是rhel6.5,掛載光盤,安裝依賴包,這裏使用的是rpm安裝方式。工具

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom/
mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/cdrom/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
    package e2fsprogs-libs-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64 is already installed
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh libcom_err-devel-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: libcom_err-devel-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:libcom_err-devel       ########################################### [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh e2fsprogs-devel-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: e2fsprogs-devel-1.41.12-18.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:e2fsprogs-devel        ########################################### [100%]

2.建立本地yum源,安裝編譯環境。post

[root@localhost ~]# yum install gcc gcc-c++ -y

3.解壓extundelete軟件包。測試

[root@localhost ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 -C ~
extundelete-0.2.4/
extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/missing
extundelete-0.2.4/autogen.sh
extundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4
extundelete-0.2.4/configure
extundelete-0.2.4/LICENSE
extundelete-0.2.4/README
extundelete-0.2.4/install-sh
extundelete-0.2.4/config.h.in
extundelete-0.2.4/src/
extundelete-0.2.4/src/extundelete.cc
extundelete-0.2.4/src/block.h
extundelete-0.2.4/src/kernel-jbd.h
extundelete-0.2.4/src/insertionops.cc
extundelete-0.2.4/src/block.c
extundelete-0.2.4/src/cli.cc
extundelete-0.2.4/src/extundelete-priv.h
extundelete-0.2.4/src/extundelete.h
extundelete-0.2.4/src/jfs_compat.h
extundelete-0.2.4/src/Makefile.in
extundelete-0.2.4/src/Makefile.am
extundelete-0.2.4/configure.ac
extundelete-0.2.4/depcomp
extundelete-0.2.4/Makefile.in
extundelete-0.2.4/Makefile.am

4.配置、編譯、安裝extundelete軟件包this

[root@localhost ~]# cd extundelete-0.2.4
[root@localhost extundelete-0.2.4]# ls
acinclude.m4  aclocal.m4  autogen.sh  config.h.in  configure  configure.ac  depcomp  install-sh  LICENSE  Makefile.am  Makefile.in  missing  README  src
[root@localhost extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure
Configuring extundelete 0.2.4
Writing generated files to disk
[root@localhost extundelete-0.2.4]# make
make -s all-recursive
Making all in src
extundelete.cc:571: 警告:未使用的參數‘flags’
[root@localhost extundelete-0.2.4]# make install
Making install in src
  /usr/bin/install -c extundelete '/usr/local/bin'

5.準備好用於測試的分區,/dev/sdb1ext4格式,掛載到/mnt/ext4目錄下。操作系統

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/ext4
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ext4/
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT /mnt/ext4/
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      ext4   20G  172M   19G   1% /mnt/ext4

6.建立測試文件。

[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/ext4/
[root@localhost ext4]# echo 1 > a
[root@localhost ext4]# echo 2 > b
[root@localhost ext4]# echo 3 > c
[root@localhost ext4]# ls
a  b  c  lost+found

7.刪除測試文件。

[root@localhost ext4]# rm -f a b
[root@localhost ext4]# ls
c  lost+found

8.卸載對應的分區。

[root@localhost ext4]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/ext4/

9.恢復刪除的內容。

[root@localhost ~]# extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-all
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored.
Loading filesystem metadata ... 160 groups loaded.
Loading journal descriptors ... 24 descriptors loaded.
Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ...
2 recoverable inodes found.
Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ...
0 recoverable inodes still lost.

10.恢復的文件會在在當前目錄下的RECOVERED_FILES文件夾內。

[root@localhost ~]# ls RECOVERED_FILES/
a  b

XFS 類型文件備份和恢復

extundelete工具僅能夠恢復EXT類型的文件,沒法恢復CentOS 7系統默認採用xfs類型的文件。針對xfs文件系統目前也沒有比較成熟的文件恢復工具,因此建議提早作好數據備份,以免數據丟失。

xfs類型的文件可以使用xfsdumpxfsrestore工具進行備份恢復。若系統中未安裝xfsdumpxfsrestore工具,能夠經過yum install -y xfsdump命令安裝。xfsdump按照inode順序備份一個xfs文件系統。

xfsdump的備份級別有兩種:0表示徹底備份;1-9表示增量備份。默認爲0

xfsdump -f 備份存放位置 要備份路徑或設備文件

-f:指定備份文件目錄
-L:指定標籤session label
-M:指定設備標籤media label
-s:備份單個文件,-s後面不能直接跟路徑。

  • 使用xfsdump時,須要注意如下的幾個限制:

1.xfsdump不支持沒有掛載的文件系統備份,因此只能備份已掛載的;
2.xfsdump必須使用root的權限才能操做(涉及文件系統的關係);
3.xfsdump只能備份XFS文件系統;
4.xfsdump備份下來的數據(檔案或儲存媒體)只能讓xfsrestore解析;
5.xfsdump是透過文件系統的UUID來分辨各個備份檔的,所以不能備份兩個具備相同UUID的文件系統。

xfsrestore -f 恢復文件的位置 存放恢復後文件的路徑

Demo

1.準備好用於測試的分區,/dev/sdb1ext4格式,掛載到/mnt/ext4目錄下。

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/xfs
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/xfs/
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT /mnt/xfs/
Filesystem     Type  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1      xfs    20G   33M   20G   1% /mnt/xfs

2.建立測試文件。

[root@localhost ~]# cd /mnt/xfs/
[root@localhost xfs]# mkdir test
[root@localhost xfs]# touch a.txt
[root@localhost xfs]# touch test/b.txt

3.可使用tree查看目錄結構。

[root@localhost ~]# yum install tree -y
[root@localhost ~]# tree /mnt/xfs/
/mnt/xfs/
├── a.txt
└── test
    └── b.txt

1 directory, 2 files

4.使用xfsdump命令備份整個分區。

[root@localhost ~]# xfsdump -f /opt/dump_sdb1 /dev/sdb1
xfsdump: using file dump (drive_simple) strategy
xfsdump: version 3.1.4 (dump format 3.0) - type ^C for status and control

 ============================= dump label dialog ==============================

please enter label for this dump session (timeout in 300 sec)
 -> dump_sdb1      //指定備份會話標籤
session label entered: "dump_sdb1"

 --------------------------------- end dialog ---------------------------------

xfsdump: level 0 dump of localhost.localdomain:/mnt/xfs
xfsdump: dump date: Fri Sep  6 13:36:12 2019
xfsdump: session id: 74232f85-124c-4486-8d91-f35208534f74
xfsdump: session label: "dump_sdb1"
xfsdump: ino map phase 1: constructing initial dump list
xfsdump: ino map phase 2: skipping (no pruning necessary)
xfsdump: ino map phase 3: skipping (only one dump stream)
xfsdump: ino map construction complete
xfsdump: estimated dump size: 21760 bytes
xfsdump: /var/lib/xfsdump/inventory created

 ============================= media label dialog =============================

please enter label for media in drive 0 (timeout in 300 sec)
 -> sdb1      //指定設備標籤,就是對要備份的設備作一個描述
media label entered: "sdb1"

 --------------------------------- end dialog ---------------------------------

xfsdump: creating dump session media file 0 (media 0, file 0)
xfsdump: dumping ino map
xfsdump: dumping directories
xfsdump: dumping non-directory files
xfsdump: ending media file
xfsdump: media file size 22952 bytes
xfsdump: dump size (non-dir files) : 0 bytes
xfsdump: dump complete: 46 seconds elapsed
xfsdump: Dump Summary:
xfsdump:   stream 0 /opt/dump_sdb1 OK (success)
xfsdump: Dump Status: SUCCESS

5.查看備份信息與內容。

[root@localhost ~]# xfsdump -I
file system 0:
        fs id:          f8805a3e-089e-4875-ad54-d31e5dc98835
        session 0:
                mount point:    localhost.localdomain:/mnt/xfs
                device:         localhost.localdomain:/dev/sdb1
                time:           Fri Sep  6 13:36:12 2019
                session label:  "dump_sdb1"
                session id:     74232f85-124c-4486-8d91-f35208534f74
                level:          0
                resumed:        NO
                subtree:        NO
                streams:        1
                stream 0:
                        pathname:       /opt/dump_sdb1
                        start:          ino 68 offset 0
                        end:            ino 70 offset 0
                        interrupted:    NO
                        media files:    1
                        media file 0:
                                mfile index:    0
                                mfile type:     data
                                mfile size:     22952
                                mfile start:    ino 68 offset 0
                                mfile end:      ino 70 offset 0
                                media label:    "sdb1"
                                media id:       cc32446f-42e8-489b-867f-84a55949c1fa
xfsdump: Dump Status: SUCCESS

6.刪除建立的測試文件,模擬數據丟失。

[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /mnt/xfs/*
[root@localhost ~]# tree /mnt/xfs/
/mnt/xfs/

0 directories, 0 files

7.恢復文件丟失的文件。

[root@localhost ~]# xfsrestore -f /opt/dump_sdb1 /mnt/xfs/
xfsrestore: using file dump (drive_simple) strategy
xfsrestore: version 3.1.4 (dump format 3.0) - type ^C for status and control
xfsrestore: searching media for dump
xfsrestore: examining media file 0
xfsrestore: dump description:
xfsrestore: hostname: localhost.localdomain
xfsrestore: mount point: /mnt/xfs
xfsrestore: volume: /dev/sdb1
xfsrestore: session time: Fri Sep  6 13:36:12 2019
xfsrestore: level: 0
xfsrestore: session label: "dump_sdb1"
xfsrestore: media label: "sdb1"
xfsrestore: file system id: f8805a3e-089e-4875-ad54-d31e5dc98835
xfsrestore: session id: 74232f85-124c-4486-8d91-f35208534f74
xfsrestore: media id: cc32446f-42e8-489b-867f-84a55949c1fa
xfsrestore: using online session inventory
xfsrestore: searching media for directory dump
xfsrestore: reading directories
xfsrestore: 2 directories and 3 entries processed
xfsrestore: directory post-processing
xfsrestore: restoring non-directory files
xfsrestore: restore complete: 0 seconds elapsed
xfsrestore: Restore Summary:
xfsrestore:   stream 0 /opt/dump_sdb1 OK (success)
xfsrestore: Restore Status: SUCCESS
[root@localhost ~]# tree /mnt/xfs/
/mnt/xfs/
├── a.txt
└── test
    └── b.txt

1 directory, 2 files
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