python基礎(14)-反射&類的內置函數

反射

幾個反射相關的函數可參考python基礎(10)-匿名函數&內置函數中2.2.4反射相關

類的一些內置函數

__str__()&__repr__()

重寫__str__()函數相似重寫java中的toString()函數.當沒有重寫__str__()但重寫了__repr__()函數時,__repr__()函數會充當一個__str__函數的替代函數執行

 1 class Person1:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6     def __str__(self):
 7         return "name:{} age:{}".format(self.name, self.age)
 8 
 9 
10 p1 = Person1('張三', 18)
11 print(p1)  # name:張三 age:18
12 
13 
14 class Person2:
15     def __init__(self, name, age):
16         self.name = name
17         self.age = age
18 
19     def __repr__(self):
20         return "name:{} age:{}".format(self.name, self.age)
21 
22 p2 = Person2('張三', 18)
23 print(p1)  # name:張三 age:18

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__del__()

銷燬一個對象的時候執行,相似java中的析構函數

1 class A:
2     def __del__(self):
3         print("from del")
4 
5 a = A()
6 del a  # from del

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__getitem__()&__setitem__()&__delitem__()

以'[]'的形式訪問屬性

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6     def __getitem__(self, item):
 7         print("from __getitem__:{}".format(item))
 8         return self.__dict__[item]
 9 
10     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
11         print("from __setitem__:{} = {}".format(key, value))
12         self.__dict__[key] = value
13 
14     def __delitem__(self, key):
15         print("from __delitem__:{}".format(key))
16 
17 
18 p = Person('張三', 18)
19 name = p['name']  # from __getitem__:name
20 print(name)  # 張三
21 print(p.age)  # 18
22 p['age'] = 20  # from __setitem__:age = 20
23 print(p.age)  # 20
24 # 和@property.deleter類似 del時只是觸發對應方法 並非真的刪除
25 del p['age']  # from __delitem__:age
26 print(p.age)  # 20

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__new__()

建立對象(self),相似java中的構造函數,在__init__()函數以前執行

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         print('from __init__()')
 4         self.name = name
 5         self.age = age
 6 
 7     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
 8         print('from __new__()')
 9         return object.__new__(cls)
10 
11 p = Person('張三', 18)
12 
13 # result:
14 # from __new__()
15 # from __init__()

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__call__()

讓一個類的實例成爲一個callable對象

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 7         print('name:{} age:{}'.format(self.name, self.age))
 8 
 9 p = Person('張三', 18)
10 print(callable(p))  # True
11 p()  # name:張三 age:18

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__len__()

對len()函數傳入一個對象實際上就是調用這個對象的__len__()函數

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6     def __len__(self):
 7         return len(self.name)
 8 
 9 
10 print(len(Person('張三', 18)))  # 2

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__hash__()

對hash()函數傳入一個對象實際上就是調用這個對象的__hash__()函數

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, no, name, age):
 3         self.no = no
 4         self.name = name
 5         self.age = age
 6 
 7     def __hash__(self):
 8         return self.no
 9 
10 
11 p = Person(1, '張三', 18)
12 print(hash(p))  # 1

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__eq__()

使用'=='判斷兩個對象是否相等時,依據__eq__()函數返回的值.相似java中的equals()函數

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6     def __eq__(self, other):
 7         return self.name == other.name
 8 
 9 
10 p1 = Person('張三', 19)
11 p2 = Person('張三', 18)
12 print(p1 == p2)  # True

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擴展

單例模式

 1 class Single:
 2     instance = None
 3 
 4     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
 5         if cls.instance:
 6             return cls.instance
 7         cls.instance = object.__new__(cls)
 8         return cls.instance
 9 
10 o1 = Single()
11 o2 = Single()
12 print(o1)  # <__main__.Single object at 0x00000000021EDAC8>
13 print(o2)  # <__main__.Single object at 0x00000000021EDAC8>

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撲克牌

 1 from collections import namedtuple
 2 from random import choice, shuffle
 3 
 4 CardTuple = namedtuple('Card', ['suit', 'rank'])
 5 
 6 
 7 class Card:
 8     def __init__(self):
 9         suit_list = ['紅桃', '黑桃', '梅花', '方塊']
10         rank_list = [str(i) for i in range(2, 11)] + ['J', 'Q', 'K', 'A']
11         self.card_list = [CardTuple(suit, rank) for rank in rank_list for suit in suit_list]
12 
13     def __str__(self):
14         return str(self.card_list)
15 
16     def __len__(self):
17         return len(self.card_list)
18 
19     def __getitem__(self, item):
20         return self.card_list[item]
21 
22     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
23         self.card_list[key] = value
24 
25 
26 # 一幅撲克牌
27 card = Card()
28 print(
29     card)  # [Card(suit='紅桃', rank='2'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='2'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='2'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='2'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='3'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='3'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='3'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='3'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='4'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='4'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='4'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='4'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='5'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='5'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='5'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='5'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='6'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='6'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='6'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='6'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='7'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='7'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='7'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='7'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='8'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='8'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='8'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='8'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='9'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='9'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='9'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='9'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='10'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='10'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='10'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='10'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='J'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='J'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='J'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='J'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='Q'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='Q'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='Q'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='Q'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='K'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='K'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='K'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='K'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='A'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='A'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='A'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='A')]
30 # 撲克牌張數
31 print(len(card))  # 52
32 # 取第十張
33 print(card[10 - 1])  # Card(suit='黑桃', rank='4')
34 # 隨機抽取一張
35 print(choice(card))  # Card(suit='方塊', rank='7')
36 # 洗牌
37 shuffle(card)
38 print(
39     card)  # [Card(suit='黑桃', rank='8'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='6'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='2'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='4'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='4'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='K'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='9'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='7'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='9'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='4'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='7'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='J'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='8'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='K'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='J'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='6'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='A'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='10'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='5'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='6'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='10'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='8'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='7'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='Q'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='A'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='6'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='8'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='J'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='3'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='J'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='5'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='2'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='4'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='A'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='3'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='5'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='K'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='Q'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='3'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='2'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='A'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='7'), Card(suit='方塊', rank='Q'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='9'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='2'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='9'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='10'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='10'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='3'), Card(suit='紅桃', rank='5'), Card(suit='黑桃', rank='K'), Card(suit='梅花', rank='Q')]

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對象去重

 1 class Person:
 2     def __init__(self, name, age):
 3         self.name = name
 4         self.age = age
 5 
 6 
 7 p1 = Person('張三', 18)
 8 p2 = Person('張三', 18)
 9 print(set([p1, p2]))  # {<__main__.Person object at 0x000000000273DBA8>, <__main__.Person object at 0x000000000273DAC8>}
10 
11 
12 class Person:
13     def __init__(self, name, age):
14         self.name = name
15         self.age = age
16 
17     def __eq__(self, other):
18         return self.name == other.name and self.age == other.age
19 
20     def __hash__(self):
21         return hash(self.name + str(self.age))
22 
23 
24 p1 = Person('張三', 18)
25 p2 = Person('張三', 18)
26 print(set([p1, p2]))  # {<__main__.Person object at 0x0000000002702860>}

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結論:使用set()給對象的去重是同時依賴對象的__hash__()和__eq__()函數的