yum 程序包管理簡介

時間 2020-02-17

標籤 yum 程序包管簡介欄目 Unix 简体版

原文原文鏈接

rpm能夠實現程序的快速，簡單安裝（跟編譯安裝比），可是rpm本身不能解決依賴，因此不少工具爲了自動解決依賴應運而生，其中yum就是其中之一。php

yum解決依賴的辦法：

必須有個文件服務器，裏面放置因此的rpm包，以及包的相關元數據（-qi，-qR獲得的數據）。元數據可使用createrepo來建立。並放置在repodata目錄下。c++

這個文件服務器可使用ftp，http，nfs協議來傳輸數據，也可使用file:///（本地服務）。sql
客戶端使用yum程序，安裝程序包。安裝時，查詢文件服務器，本身從文件服務器找依賴，並安裝。shell

yum是一個程序，查看本機是否安裝了yum：centos

# rpm -q yum
yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch

查看yum程序所使用的配置文件：緩存

/etc/yum.conf是主配置文件，它裏面引用了目錄/etc/yum.repos.d/，因此/etc/yum.repos.d/目錄下的*.repo也是yum的配置文件.它提供了因此倉庫的公共配置。bash

實現了把配置文件分割成了許多獨立的小的配置文件。服務器

/etc/yum.repos.d/目錄下的*.repo:爲倉庫的指向提供配置信息。微信

# rpm -qc yum
/etc/logrotate.d/yum#log用
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum/version-groups.conf#版本控制

/etc/yum.conf內容：babel

[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release


#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d

[main]：主配置，至關於程序的指向入口

cachedir：緩存路徑
keepcache：是否保持緩存
debuglevel：調試級別
logfile：日誌文件
exactarch：是否作精確匹配。若是OS是centos7，當找到的rpm包，既有centos6的也有centos7的，若是此處的值是1，則選擇centos7的。

gpgcheck：安裝時，是否檢查完整性和來源合法性。1則檢查

plugins：yum是否支持插件。1則支持

使用whatis查看是否有man幫助。

# whatis yum.conf
yum.conf (5)         - Configuration file for yum(8).

使用：man 5 yum.conf能夠獲得詳細的yum.conf配置文件的詳細幫助。

倉庫指向的定義

[repositoryid]：倉庫的id
name=倉庫的名字
baseurl=url://path/to/repository/：倉庫在哪裏，地址能夠有多個，那麼選哪一個呢？根據failovermethod選。

baseurl=url://server1/path/to/repository/

url://server2/path/to/repository/
url://server3/path/to/repository/

failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}。默認爲roundrobin，意味隨機選一個url
gpgcheck={1|0}：1則檢查。默認是1.
enabled={1|0}：是否使用此repo
gpgkey=URL：公鑰
enablegroups={1|0}：1則使用組功能。默認是1.
const=默認是1000.有多個符合就選cost小的。

centos7下/etc/yum.repos.d/下的repo配置文件有幾個，只有CentOS-Base.repo文件裏repo的enabled是1，也就是可使用狀態，其他的配置文件裏的repo的enabled都是0.

# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo           CentOS-CR.repo         CentOS-fasttrack.repo  CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-Base.repo_20191129  CentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Media.repo      CentOS-Vault.repo

查看配置文件：/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo的內容。

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

指定baseurl的技巧：指到repodata所在的網頁的URL。

上面的updates的baseurl的值就是下圖的網頁地址欄的URL。理由是repodata在這裏。

查看repo list:

# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                                                     repo name                                                     status
!base/7/x86_64                                              CentOS-7 - Base                                               10,097
!extras/7/x86_64                                            CentOS-7 - Extras                                                323
!updates/7/x86_64                                           CentOS-7 - Updates                                             1,446
repolist: 11,866

repo id：

repo name：是配置文件/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo裏的name的值

status：這個repo裏的rmp包的數量。

yum命令介紹

yum [options][command] [package ...]

顯示repo（倉庫）列表（list）：repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
- all：顯示所有
- enabled：顯示可用的。默認值。就是本地repo配置文件裏enabled=1的repo會顯示出來。
- disabled：顯示不可用的。就是本地repo配置文件裏enabled=0的repo會顯示出來。
```
# yum repolist all
# yum repolist enabled
# yum repolist disabled
```
顯示指定repo裏有哪些rpm包：yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]

顯示全部的包：
```
# yum list
```
可使用glob_exp。

顯示內容的第三列：repo配置文件中的repoid
```
# yum list php*
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Packages
php.x86_64                  5.4.16-46.1.el7_7            updates
php-bcmath.x86_64           5.4.16-46.1.el7_7            updates
php-pear.noarch             1:1.9.4-21.el7               base
php-pecl-memcache.x86_64    3.0.8-4.el7                  base
```
顯示repo中還未安裝的包：yum list available [glob_exp1][...]
```
# yum list available
```
顯示repo中的能夠升級的包：yum list updates [glob_exp1][...]
```
# yum list updates
```
顯示已經安裝的包：yum list installed [glob_exp1][...]
- @anaconda：安裝系統時，安裝的包。
- installed：後來本身安裝的。
```
# yum list installed
zlib.x86_64              1.2.7-18.el7                        @anaconda
zsh.x86_64               5.0.2-33.el7                        installed
```
顯示已經安裝了的extra repo中的包：yum list extras [glob_exp1][...]
```
# yum list extras
```
顯示已經安裝的包，哪些已經廢棄了：yum list distro-extras [glob_exp1][...]
```
# yum list distro-extras
```
安裝包：yum install package1 [package2

若是repo裏有多個版本，能夠指定版本，例如：yum install gcc-4.8.5

也能夠不指定版本,則安裝最新版：yum install gcc

升級包：yum update [package1][package2] [...]

# yum update gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No packages marked for update

降級：downgrade package1 [package2][...]

相似：rpm -Uvh --oldpackage
從新覆蓋安裝：reinstall package1 [package2][...]

相似：rpm -ivh --replacepkgs
檢查有哪些包能夠升級：yum check-update
卸載包：yum remove | erase package1 [package2][...]

當卸載的包，被別的包依賴時，別的包也一併被卸載

卸載cpp：因爲gcc依賴於cpp，全部若是卸載cpp，則gcc也會被卸載。

查看包的信息：yum info [glob_exp1][...]

相似rpm -qi

# yum info gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Installed Packages
Name        : gcc
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 4.8.5
Release     : 39.el7
Size        : 37 M
Repo        : installed
From repo   : base
Summary     : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
URL         : http://gcc.gnu.org
License     : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions and LGPLv2+ and BSD
Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.8.
            : You'll need this package in order to compile C code

查看程序或文件是有哪一個包提供的：yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2

相似rpm -qf file

# yum provides /usr/bin/gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/gcc

gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
Repo        : @base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/gcc

清除元數據文件在本地的緩存：clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]

yum按文件時，會把程序包和元數據文件緩存在本地，當安裝結束，yum會刪除程序包文件，可是不會刪除元數據文件。
構建緩存：yum makecache [fast]

用關鍵字搜索信息：yum search string1 [string2][...]

從包名和包的summary裏搜索指定的關鍵字。

# yum search bash
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
====================================================== N/S matched: bash =======================================================
bash-completion.noarch : Programmable completion for Bash
bash-doc.x86_64 : Documentation files for bash
libguestfs-bash-completion.noarch : Bash tab-completion scripts for libguestfs tools
libvirt-bash-completion.x86_64 : Bash completion script
pcp-pmda-bash.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for the Bash shell
bash.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

顯示某個包所依賴的包：deplist package1 [package2][...]

# yum deplist gcc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
package: gcc.x86_64 4.8.5-39.el7
  dependency: /bin/sh
   provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-33.el7
  dependency: /sbin/install-info
   provider: info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7
...

查看yum的安裝，更新，卸載的歷史：yum history不帶參數則是history list

# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
ID     | Login user               | Date and time    | Action(s)      | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     5 | root <root>              | 2020-02-15 23:00 | Install        |    2
     4 | root <root>              | 2020-02-15 22:59 | Erase          |    8
     3 | root <root>              | 2020-02-15 22:48 | Update         |   11  <
     2 | ys <ys>                  | 2019-11-29 17:38 | Install        |    8 >
     1 | System <unset>           | 2019-11-29 16:44 | Install        | 1458
history list

上面是彙總的信息，若是想看id爲5的詳細信息，也就是id爲5的安裝了哪些包，則使用：

# yum history info 5
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Transaction ID : 5
Begin time     : Sat Feb 15 23:00:14 2020
Begin rpmdb    : 1459:fe9d7def2a5edd098cfe39ebe0732b67038170b5
End time       :            23:00:19 2020 (5 seconds)
End rpmdb      : 1461:ed3657ce694e0e90ea8bf62a092f06422c81ac28
User           : root <root>
Return-Code    : Success
Command Line   : install gcc
Transaction performed with:
    Installed     rpm-4.11.3-35.el7.x86_64                      @anaconda
    Installed     yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch               @anaconda
    Installed     yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-50.el7.noarch @anaconda
Packages Altered:
    Dep-Install cpp-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base
    Install     gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base
history info

查看yumdb大小：

# yum history stats
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
File        : //var/lib/yum/history/history-2020-02-16.sqlite
Size        : 23,552
Transactions: 0
history stats

本地安裝/升級：想安裝的包在yum repo中沒有，能夠下載一個rpm包安裝。但爲何不用rpm呢，由於rpm不能解決依賴，而yum能夠，因此即便是本地的rpm包，也可使用yum安裝，可是參數是rpm文件名。

localinstall/localupdate是爲了兼容之前的版本，應該使用intall/update 參數是rpm文件名。
- localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)
- localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
(maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)

組安裝/更新/卸載/查看

查看有哪些組可供安裝：

# yum groups list
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:
   Minimal Install
   Compute Node
   Infrastructure Server
   File and Print Server
   Basic Web Server
   Virtualization Host
   Server with GUI
   GNOME Desktop
   KDE Plasma Workspaces
   Development and Creative Workstation
Installed Groups:
   Development Tools
Available Groups:
   Compatibility Libraries
   Console Internet Tools
   Graphical Administration Tools
   Legacy UNIX Compatibility
   Scientific Support
   Security Tools
   Smart Card Support
   System Administration Tools
   System Management
Done

查看某個組裏有哪些包：

# yum groups info Development\ Tools
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

Group: Development Tools
 Group-Id: development
 Description: A basic development environment.
 Mandatory Packages:
    gcc
   =gcc-c++
    gettext
   =libtool
    make
 Default Packages:
    byacc
   =gcc-gfortran
    swig
   =systemtap
 Optional Packages:
   ElectricFence
   ant
   babel
   bzr

Mandatory Packages：必須安裝的包

Default Packages:默認安裝的包

Optional Packages:可選安裝的包

安裝：

# yum groups install "Development Tools"

更新：

# yum groups update "Development Tools"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum)
No packages in any requested group available to install or updates

刪除：
```
# yum groups remove Development\ Tools
```

拿光盤做爲repo

1，先掛載centos系統安裝盤到/media目錄。

2，建立文件local.repo

[base]
name=local repo centos
baseurl=file:///media/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

3，而後就能夠正常使用yum命令了。

yum 經常使用的命令行選項

禁止進行gpg check：--nogpgcheck
自動回答yes：-y
不輸出安裝信息：-q
禁用指定的repo（可使用glob匹配）：--disablerepo=repoid(glob)
啓用指定的repo（可使用glob匹配）：--enablerepo=repoid(glob)
禁用全部插件：--noplugins

yum的repo配置文件中可用的變量

$releasever：當前OS的發行版的主版本號。centos7的話，此變量的值就是7
$arch：架構。好比i386，i486等
$basearch：基礎架構。若是是ix86架構的話，則此變量的值爲i386
$YUM0-$YUM9：自定義變量

使用變量的例子：

name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/

本身建立yum repo:`createrepo [options] <directory>`

使用createrepo很簡單，只須要指定rpm包所在的目錄。

就會作成目錄：repodata

# pwd
/tmp/repos
# createrepo ./
Spawning worker 0 with 19 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
# ls -d repodata/
repodata/

repodata目錄的文件構成：

# ll repodata/
total 52
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12690 Feb 16 11:24 7150dafd709770a783ea087b2ff869aaecfb007b0fcce6f544924c4c1e1e4405-primary.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  4184 Feb 16 11:24 7f43292a24f471448badbf18db488dbe52efc22237170ad2f6fc7aa36ac45a0e-primary.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  2686 Feb 16 11:24 8351058925b5438dbe9abd2c246c64f3eafcc741f644ef268ac8747a82bc48ab-filelists.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  2655 Feb 16 11:24 a5b6ce405bfa9814e77ab3159b77aa4a2c55ac445a5244ff449b1125badc2a9b-other.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  5918 Feb 16 11:24 c58fa90f9a3825f07092ff63f524a86183a0e9f99e19d3a84b785cef2edf93f8-other.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  5423 Feb 16 11:24 fa9fbb57fe96cf749733a6232b4860f70c7abd60b7b0c72f9486771f63f9a4ec-filelists.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  2976 Feb 16 11:24 repomd.xml

建立repo配置文件：

[local2]
name=your repo centos
baseurl=file:///tmp/repos
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

驗證：repoid:local2已經可使用了

# yum repolist local2
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id                                                 repo name                                                         status
local2                                                  your repo centos                                                  19
repolist: 19

cento下的開發包組：

Development Tools：要想本身編譯源碼，必須安裝此包組。
Server Platform Development
Desktop Platform Development（圖形界面的）

編譯源碼安裝：

1，configure腳本使用和做用

做用：指定安裝到哪，啓用哪些特性

使用：每一個源代碼的configure的用法可能都不同，全部使用前，用：configure --help查看都支持哪些選項。

選項分類：

安裝路徑設定：

--prefix=/path/to/somewhere：指定安裝路徑（方便之後卸載，直接把目錄刪除）。不指定可能安裝到了/usr/local

--sysconfdir=/path/to/somewhere：指定配置文件放到哪裏
交叉編譯設定：

--build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed]

--host=HOST：編譯後運行的目標架構。cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]

--target=TARGET configure for building compilers for TARGET [HOST]
安裝特性設定：

--disable-FEATURE

--enable-FEATURE[=ARG]
設定安裝時依賴哪些包，不依賴哪些包

--with-PACKAGE[=ARG]：ARG爲路徑信息等。

--without-PACKAGE

源碼安裝結束後的配置

1，把可執行程序目錄添加到PATH環境變量

新建文件：/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh

添加 export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH

2，添加庫文件路徑

新建文件：/etc/ld.so.conf.d/name.conf

添加：/PATH/TO/lib

3，讓系統找到頭文件

建立頭文件的符號連接：`ln -s /PATH/TO/include /usr/include/

4，導出幫助手冊

編輯/etc/man_db.conf，添加：

#MANDATORY_MANPATH                      /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH                       /PATH/TO/man