APP開發中常常會有這種需求:在瀏覽器或者短信中喚起APP,若是安裝了就喚起,不然引導下載。對於Android而言,這裏主要牽扯的技術就是deeplink,也能夠簡單當作scheme,Android一直是支持scheme的,可是因爲Android的開源特性,不一樣手機廠商或者不一樣瀏覽器廠家處理的千奇百怪,有些能拉起,有些不行,本文只簡單分析下link的原理,包括deeplink,也包括Android6.0以後的AppLink。其實我的認爲,AppLink就是特殊的deeplink,只不過它多了一種相似於驗證機制,若是驗證經過,就設置默認打開,若是驗證不過,則退化爲deeplink,若是單從APP端來看,區別主要在Manifest文件中的android:autoVerify="true",以下,html
APPLINK只是在安裝時候多了一個驗證,其餘跟以前deeplink同樣,若是沒聯網,驗證失敗,那就跟以前的deeplink表現同樣前端
deeplink配置(不限http/https)android
<intent-filter>
<data android:scheme="https" android:host="test.example.com" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
</intent-filter>
(不限http/https)
<intent-filter>
<data android:scheme="example" />
<!-- 下面這幾行也必須得設置 -->
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
</intent-filter>
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applink配置(只能http/https)web
<intent-filter android:autoVerify="true">
<data android:scheme="https" android:host="test.example.com" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
</intent-filter>
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在Android原生的APPLink實現中,須要APP跟服務端雙向驗證才能讓APPLink生效,若是若是APPLink驗證失敗,APPLink會徹底退化成deepLink,這也是爲何說APPLINK是一種特殊的deepLink,因此先分析下deepLink,deepLink理解了,APPLink就很容易理解。chrome
deeplink的scheme相應分兩種:一種是隻有一個APP能相應,另外一種是有多個APP能夠相應,好比,若是爲一個APP的Activity配置了http scheme類型的deepLink,若是經過短信或者其餘方式喚起這種link的時候,通常會出現一個讓用戶選擇的彈窗,由於通常而言,系統會帶個瀏覽器,也相應這類scheme,好比下面的例子:shell
>adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW -c android.intent.category.BROWSABLE -d "https://test.example.com/b/g"
<intent-filter>
<data android:scheme="https" android:host="test.example.com" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
</intent-filter>
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若是是設置了一個私用的,而且沒有跟其餘app重複的,那麼會直接打開,好比下面的:瀏覽器
>adb shell am start -a android.intent.action.VIEW -c android.intent.category.BROWSABLE -d "example://test.example.com/b/g"
<intent-filter>
<data android:scheme="example" />
<!-- 下面這幾行也必須得設置 -->
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
</intent-filter>
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固然,若是私有scheme跟其餘APP的重複了,仍是會喚起APP選擇界面(實際上是一個ResolverActivity)。下面就來看看scheme是如何匹配並拉起對應APP的。安全
不管APPLink跟DeepLink其實都是經過喚起一個Activity來實現界面的跳轉,不管從APP外部:好比短信、瀏覽器,仍是APP內部。經過在APP內部模擬跳轉來看看具體實現,寫一個H5界面,而後經過Webview加載,不過Webview不進行任何設置,這樣跳轉就須要系統進行解析,走deeplink這一套:微信
<html>
<body>
<a href="https://test.example.com/a/g">Scheme跳轉</a>
</body>
</html>
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點擊Scheme跳轉,通常會喚起以下界面,讓用戶選擇打開方式:網絡
若是經過adb打印log,你會發現ActivityManagerService會打印這樣一條Log:
> 12-04 20:32:04.367 887 9064 I ActivityManager: START u0 {act=android.intent.action.VIEW dat=https://test.example.com/... cmp=android/com.android.internal.app.ResolverActivity (has extras)} from uid 10067 on display 0
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其實看到的選擇對話框就是ResolverActivity,不過咱們先來看看究竟是走到ResolverActivity的,也就是這個scheme怎麼會喚起App選擇界面,在短信中,或者Webview中遇到scheme,他們通常會發出相應的Intent(固然第三方APP可能會屏蔽掉,好比微信就換不起APP),其實上面的做用跟下面的代碼結果同樣:
val intent = Intent()
intent.setAction("android.intent.action.VIEW")
intent.setData(Uri.parse("https://test.example.com/a/g"))
intent.addCategory("android.intent.category.DEFAULT")
intent.addCategory("android.intent.category.BROWSABLE")
startActivity(intent)
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那剩下的就是看startActivity,在6.0的源碼中,startActivity最後會經過ActivityManagerService調用ActivityStatckSupervisor的startActivityMayWait
ActivityStatckSUpervisor
final int startActivityMayWait(IApplicationThread caller, int callingUid, String callingPackage, Intent intent, String resolvedType, IVoiceInteractionSession voiceSession, IVoiceInteractor voiceInteractor, IBinder resultTo, String resultWho, int requestCode, int startFlags, ProfilerInfo profilerInfo, WaitResult outResult, Configuration config, Bundle options, boolean ignoreTargetSecurity, int userId, IActivityContainer iContainer, TaskRecord inTask) {
...
boolean componentSpecified = intent.getComponent() != null;
//建立新的Intent對象,即使intent被修改也不受影響
intent = new Intent(intent);
//收集Intent所指向的Activity信息, 當存在多個可供選擇的Activity,則直接向用戶彈出resolveActivity [見2.7.1]
ActivityInfo aInfo = resolveActivity(intent, resolvedType, startFlags, profilerInfo, userId);
...
}
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startActivityMayWait會經過resolveActivity先找到目標Activity,這個過程當中,可能找到多個匹配的Activity,這就是ResolverActivity的入口:
ActivityInfo resolveActivity(Intent intent, String resolvedType, int startFlags,
ProfilerInfo profilerInfo, int userId) {
// Collect information about the target of the Intent.
ActivityInfo aInfo;
try {
ResolveInfo rInfo =
AppGlobals.getPackageManager().resolveIntent(
intent, resolvedType,
PackageManager.MATCH_DEFAULT_ONLY
| ActivityManagerService.STOCK_PM_FLAGS, userId);
aInfo = rInfo != null ? rInfo.activityInfo : null;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
aInfo = null;
}
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能夠認爲,全部的四大組件的信息都在PackageManagerService中有登記,想要找到這些類,就必須向PackagemanagerService查詢,
PackageManagerService
@Override
public ResolveInfo resolveIntent(Intent intent, String resolvedType,
int flags, int userId) {
if (!sUserManager.exists(userId)) return null;
enforceCrossUserPermission(Binder.getCallingUid(), userId, false, false, "resolve intent");
List<ResolveInfo> query = queryIntentActivities(intent, resolvedType, flags, userId);
return chooseBestActivity(intent, resolvedType, flags, query, userId);
}
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PackageManagerService會經過queryIntentActivities找到全部適合的Activity,再經過chooseBestActivity提供選擇的權利。這裏分以下三種狀況:
關於如何查詢,匹配的這裏不詳述,僅僅簡單看看如何喚起選擇頁面,或者默認打開,比較關鍵的就是chooseBestActivity,
private ResolveInfo chooseBestActivity(Intent intent, String resolvedType,
int flags, List<ResolveInfo> query, int userId) {
<!--查詢最好的Activity-->
ResolveInfo ri = findPreferredActivity(intent, resolvedType,
flags, query, r0.priority, true, false, debug, userId);
if (ri != null) {
return ri;
}
...
}
ResolveInfo findPreferredActivity(Intent intent, String resolvedType, int flags,
List<ResolveInfo> query, int priority, boolean always,
boolean removeMatches, boolean debug, int userId) {
if (!sUserManager.exists(userId)) return null;
// writer
synchronized (mPackages) {
if (intent.getSelector() != null) {
intent = intent.getSelector();
}
<!--若是用戶已經選擇過默認打開的APP,則這裏返回的就是相對應APP中的Activity-->
ResolveInfo pri = findPersistentPreferredActivityLP(intent, resolvedType, flags, query,
debug, userId);
if (pri != null) {
return pri;
}
<!--找Activity-->
PreferredIntentResolver pir = mSettings.mPreferredActivities.get(userId);
...
final ActivityInfo ai = getActivityInfo(pa.mPref.mComponent,
flags | PackageManager.GET_DISABLED_COMPONENTS, userId);
...
}
@Override
public ActivityInfo getActivityInfo(ComponentName component, int flags, int userId) {
if (!sUserManager.exists(userId)) return null;
enforceCrossUserPermission(Binder.getCallingUid(), userId, false, false, "get activity info");
synchronized (mPackages) {
...
<!--弄一個ResolveActivity的ActivityInfo-->
if (mResolveComponentName.equals(component)) {
return PackageParser.generateActivityInfo(mResolveActivity, flags,
new PackageUserState(), userId);
}
}
return null;
}
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其實上述流程比較複雜,這裏只是本身簡單猜測下流程,找到目標Activity後,不管是真的目標Acitiviy,仍是ResolveActivity,都會經過startActivityLocked繼續走啓動流程,這裏就會看到以前打印的Log信息:
ActivityStatckSUpervisor
final int startActivityLocked(IApplicationThread caller...{
if (err == ActivityManager.START_SUCCESS) {
Slog.i(TAG, "START u" + userId + " {" + intent.toShortString(true, true, true, false)
+ "} from uid " + callingUid
+ " on display " + (container == null ? (mFocusedStack == null ?
Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY : mFocusedStack.mDisplayId) :
(container.mActivityDisplay == null ? Display.DEFAULT_DISPLAY :
container.mActivityDisplay.mDisplayId)));
}
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若是是ResolveActivity還會根據用戶選擇的信息將一些設置持久化到本地,這樣下次就能夠直接啓動用戶的偏好App。其實以上就是deeplink的原理,說白了一句話:scheme就是隱式啓動Activity,若是能找到惟一或者設置的目標Acitivity則直接啓動,若是找到多個,則提供APP選擇界面。
通常而言,每一個APP都但願被本身制定的scheme喚起,這就是Applink,以前分析deeplink的時候提到了ResolveActivity這麼一個選擇過程,而AppLink就是自動幫用戶完成這個選擇過程,而且選擇的scheme是最適合它的scheme(開發者的角度)。所以對於AppLink要分析的就是如何完成了這個默認選擇的過程。
目前Android源碼提供的是一個雙向認證的方案:在APP安裝的時候,客戶端根據APP配置像服務端請求,若是知足條件,scheme跟服務端配置匹配的上,就爲APP設置默認啓動選項,因此這個方案很明顯,在安裝的時候須要聯網才行,不然就是徹底不會驗證,那就是普通的deeplink,既然是在安裝的時候去驗證,那就看看PackageManagerService是如何處理這個流程的:
PackageManagerService
private void installPackageLI(InstallArgs args, PackageInstalledInfo res) {
final int installFlags = args.installFlags;
<!--開始驗證applink-->
startIntentFilterVerifications(args.user.getIdentifier(), replace, pkg);
...
}
private void startIntentFilterVerifications(int userId, boolean replacing,
PackageParser.Package pkg) {
if (mIntentFilterVerifierComponent == null) {
return;
}
final int verifierUid = getPackageUid(
mIntentFilterVerifierComponent.getPackageName(),
(userId == UserHandle.USER_ALL) ? UserHandle.USER_OWNER : userId);
mHandler.removeMessages(START_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATIONS);
final Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(START_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATIONS);
msg.obj = new IFVerificationParams(pkg, replacing, userId, verifierUid);
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
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startIntentFilterVerifications發送一個消息開啓驗證,隨後調用verifyIntentFiltersIfNeeded進行驗證
private void verifyIntentFiltersIfNeeded(int userId, int verifierUid, boolean replacing,
PackageParser.Package pkg) {
...
<!--檢查是否有Activity設置了AppLink-->
final boolean hasDomainURLs = hasDomainURLs(pkg);
if (!hasDomainURLs) {
if (DEBUG_DOMAIN_VERIFICATION) Slog.d(TAG,
"No domain URLs, so no need to verify any IntentFilter!");
return;
}
<!--是否autoverigy-->
boolean needToVerify = false;
for (PackageParser.Activity a : pkg.activities) {
for (ActivityIntentInfo filter : a.intents) {
<!--needsVerification是否設置autoverify -->
if (filter.needsVerification() && needsNetworkVerificationLPr(filter)) {
needToVerify = true;
break;
}
}
}
<!--若是有蒐集須要驗證的Activity信息及scheme信息-->
if (needToVerify) {
final int verificationId = mIntentFilterVerificationToken++;
for (PackageParser.Activity a : pkg.activities) {
for (ActivityIntentInfo filter : a.intents) {
if (filter.handlesWebUris(true) && needsNetworkVerificationLPr(filter)) {
if (DEBUG_DOMAIN_VERIFICATION) Slog.d(TAG,
"Verification needed for IntentFilter:" + filter.toString());
mIntentFilterVerifier.addOneIntentFilterVerification(
verifierUid, userId, verificationId, filter, packageName);
count++;
} } } } }
<!--開始驗證-->
if (count > 0) {
mIntentFilterVerifier.startVerifications(userId);
}
}
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能夠看出,驗證就三步:檢查、蒐集、驗證。在檢查階段,首先看看是否有設置http/https scheme的Activity,而且是否知足設置了Intent.ACTION_DEFAULT與Intent.ACTION_VIEW,若是沒有,則壓根不須要驗證,
* Check if one of the IntentFilter as both actions DEFAULT / VIEW and a HTTP/HTTPS data URI
*/
private static boolean hasDomainURLs(Package pkg) {
if (pkg == null || pkg.activities == null) return false;
final ArrayList<Activity> activities = pkg.activities;
final int countActivities = activities.size();
for (int n=0; n<countActivities; n++) {
Activity activity = activities.get(n);
ArrayList<ActivityIntentInfo> filters = activity.intents;
if (filters == null) continue;
final int countFilters = filters.size();
for (int m=0; m<countFilters; m++) {
ActivityIntentInfo aii = filters.get(m);
// 必須設置Intent.ACTION_VIEW 必須設置有ACTION_DEFAULT 必需要有SCHEME_HTTPS或者SCHEME_HTTP,查到一個就能夠
if (!aii.hasAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW)) continue;
if (!aii.hasAction(Intent.ACTION_DEFAULT)) continue;
if (aii.hasDataScheme(IntentFilter.SCHEME_HTTP) ||
aii.hasDataScheme(IntentFilter.SCHEME_HTTPS)) {
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
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檢查的第二步試看看是否設置了autoverify,固然中間還有些是否設置過,用戶是否選擇過的操做,比較複雜,不分析,不過不影響對流程的理解:
public final boolean needsVerification() {
return getAutoVerify() && handlesWebUris(true);
}
public final boolean getAutoVerify() {
return ((mVerifyState & STATE_VERIFY_AUTO) == STATE_VERIFY_AUTO);
}
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只要找到一個知足以上條件的Activity,就開始驗證。若是想要開啓applink,Manifest中配置必須像下面這樣
<intent-filter android:autoVerify="true">
<data android:scheme="https" android:host="xxx.com" />
<data android:scheme="http" android:host="xxx.com" />
<!--外部intent打開,好比短信,文本編輯等-->
<action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
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蒐集其實就是蒐集intentfilter信息,下面直接看驗證過程,
@Override
public void startVerifications(int userId) {
...
sendVerificationRequest(userId, verificationId, ivs);
}
mCurrentIntentFilterVerifications.clear();
}
private void sendVerificationRequest(int userId, int verificationId,
IntentFilterVerificationState ivs) {
Intent verificationIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_INTENT_FILTER_NEEDS_VERIFICATION);
verificationIntent.putExtra(
PackageManager.EXTRA_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_ID,
verificationId);
verificationIntent.putExtra(
PackageManager.EXTRA_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_URI_SCHEME,
getDefaultScheme());
verificationIntent.putExtra(
PackageManager.EXTRA_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_HOSTS,
ivs.getHostsString());
verificationIntent.putExtra(
PackageManager.EXTRA_INTENT_FILTER_VERIFICATION_PACKAGE_NAME,
ivs.getPackageName());
verificationIntent.setComponent(mIntentFilterVerifierComponent);
verificationIntent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_RECEIVER_FOREGROUND);
UserHandle user = new UserHandle(userId);
mContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(verificationIntent, user);
}
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目前Android的實現是經過發送一個廣播來進行驗證的,也就是說,這是個異步的過程,驗證是須要耗時的(網絡請求),因此安裝後,通常要等個幾秒Applink才能生效,廣播的接受處理者是:IntentFilterVerificationReceiver
public final class IntentFilterVerificationReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
private static final String TAG = IntentFilterVerificationReceiver.class.getSimpleName();
...
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
final String action = intent.getAction();
if (Intent.ACTION_INTENT_FILTER_NEEDS_VERIFICATION.equals(action)) {
Bundle inputExtras = intent.getExtras();
if (inputExtras != null) {
Intent serviceIntent = new Intent(context, DirectStatementService.class);
serviceIntent.setAction(DirectStatementService.CHECK_ALL_ACTION);
...
serviceIntent.putExtras(extras);
context.startService(serviceIntent);
}
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IntentFilterVerificationReceiver收到驗證消息後,經過start一個DirectStatementService進行驗證,兜兜轉轉最終調用IsAssociatedCallable的verifyOneSource,
private class IsAssociatedCallable implements Callable<Void> {
...
private boolean verifyOneSource(AbstractAsset source, AbstractAssetMatcher target,
Relation relation) throws AssociationServiceException {
Result statements = mStatementRetriever.retrieveStatements(source);
for (Statement statement : statements.getStatements()) {
if (relation.matches(statement.getRelation())
&& target.matches(statement.getTarget())) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
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IsAssociatedCallable會逐一對須要驗證的intentfilter進行驗證,具體是經過DirectStatementRetriever的retrieveStatements來實現:
@Override
public Result retrieveStatements(AbstractAsset source) throws AssociationServiceException {
if (source instanceof AndroidAppAsset) {
return retrieveFromAndroid((AndroidAppAsset) source);
} else if (source instanceof WebAsset) {
return retrieveFromWeb((WebAsset) source);
} else {
..
}
}
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AndroidAppAsset好像是Google的另外一套assetlink類的東西,好像用在APP web登錄信息共享之類的地方 ,不看,直接看retrieveFromWeb:從名字就能看出,這是獲取服務端Applink的配置,獲取後跟本地校驗,若是經過了,那就是applink啓動成功:
private Result retrieveStatementFromUrl(String urlString, int maxIncludeLevel,
AbstractAsset source)
throws AssociationServiceException {
List<Statement> statements = new ArrayList<Statement>();
if (maxIncludeLevel < 0) {
return Result.create(statements, DO_NOT_CACHE_RESULT);
}
WebContent webContent;
try {
URL url = new URL(urlString);
if (!source.followInsecureInclude()
&& !url.getProtocol().toLowerCase().equals("https")) {
return Result.create(statements, DO_NOT_CACHE_RESULT);
}
<!--經過網絡請求獲取配置-->
webContent = mUrlFetcher.getWebContentFromUrlWithRetry(url,
HTTP_CONTENT_SIZE_LIMIT_IN_BYTES, HTTP_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS,
HTTP_CONNECTION_BACKOFF_MILLIS, HTTP_CONNECTION_RETRY);
} catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) {
return Result.create(statements, DO_NOT_CACHE_RESULT);
}
try {
ParsedStatement result = StatementParser
.parseStatementList(webContent.getContent(), source);
statements.addAll(result.getStatements());
<!--若是有一對多的狀況,或者說設置了「代理」,則循環獲取配置-->
for (String delegate : result.getDelegates()) {
statements.addAll(
retrieveStatementFromUrl(delegate, maxIncludeLevel - 1, source)
.getStatements());
}
<!--發送結果-->
return Result.create(statements, webContent.getExpireTimeMillis());
} catch (JSONException | IOException e) {
return Result.create(statements, DO_NOT_CACHE_RESULT);
}
}
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其實就是經過UrlFetcher獲取服務端配置,而後發給以前的receiver進行驗證:
public WebContent getWebContentFromUrl(URL url, long fileSizeLimit, int connectionTimeoutMillis)
throws AssociationServiceException, IOException {
final String scheme = url.getProtocol().toLowerCase(Locale.US);
if (!scheme.equals("http") && !scheme.equals("https")) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The url protocol should be on http or https.");
}
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
try {
connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
connection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true);
connection.setConnectTimeout(connectionTimeoutMillis);
connection.setReadTimeout(connectionTimeoutMillis);
connection.setUseCaches(true);
connection.setInstanceFollowRedirects(false);
connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "max-stale=60");
...
return new WebContent(inputStreamToString(
connection.getInputStream(), connection.getContentLength(), fileSizeLimit),
expireTimeMillis);
}
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看到這裏的HttpURLConnection就知道爲何Applink需在安裝時聯網纔有效,到這裏其實就能夠理解的差很少,後面其實就是針對配置跟App自身的配置進行校驗,若是經過就設置默認啓動,並持久化,驗證成功的話能夠經過
adb shell dumpsys package d
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查看結果:
Package: com.xxx
Domains: xxxx.com
Status: always : 200000002
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驗證後再經過PackageManagerService持久化到設置信息,如此就完成了Applink驗證流程。
developer.chrome.com/multidevice…
A little known feature in Android lets you launch apps directly from a web page via an Android Intent. One scenario is launching an app when the user lands on a page, which you can achieve by embedding an iframe in the page with a custom URI-scheme set as the src, as follows: < iframe src="paulsawesomeapp://page1"> . This works in the Chrome for Android browser, version 18 and earlier. It also works in the Android browser, of course.
The functionality has changed slightly in Chrome for Android, versions 25 and later. It is no longer possible to launch an Android app by setting an iframe's src attribute. For example, navigating an iframe to a URI with a custom scheme such as paulsawesomeapp:// will not work even if the user has the appropriate app installed. Instead, you should implement a user gesture to launch the app via a custom scheme, or use the 「intent:」 syntax described in this article. 參考文檔
也就是在chrome中不能經過iframe跳轉自定義scheme喚起APP了,直接被block,以下圖:
function userIframJump() {
var url = 'yanxuan://lab/u.you.com';
var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
iframe.style.width = '100px';
iframe.style.height = '100px';
iframe.style.display = 'none';
iframe.src = url;
document.body.appendChild(iframe);
setTimeout(function() {
iframe.remove();
}, 1000);
}
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可是仍然能夠經過window.location.href喚起:
function clickAndroid1(){
window.location.href="yaxxxuan://lab/u.xx.com";
}
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或者經過跳轉標籤喚起
<a href="yauan://lab/u.you.com">測試</a>
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固然,若是自定義了https/http的也是能夠的。總的來講Chrome除了Iframe,其餘的好像都沒問題。
<a href="https://xxx.com/a/g"> https 跳轉</a>
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前端須要根據不一樣的瀏覽器選擇合適的策略。
其實關於applink有幾個比較特殊的點:
做者:看書的小蝸牛 Android DEPPLINK及APPLink原理簡析
僅供參考,歡迎指正