在這篇文章裏,咱們主要討論如何使用Java實現網絡通訊,包括TCP通訊、UDP通訊、多播以及NIO。java
TCP的基礎是Socket,在TCP鏈接中,咱們會使用ServerSocket和Socket,當客戶端和服務器創建鏈接之後,剩下的基本就是對I/O的控制了。數據庫
咱們先來看一個簡單的TCP通訊,它分爲客戶端和服務器端。編程
客戶端代碼以下:數組
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class SimpleTcpClient { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException 6 { 7 Socket socket = null; 8 BufferedReader br = null; 9 PrintWriter pw = null; 10 BufferedReader brTemp = null; 11 try
12 { 13 socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 5678); 14 br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream())); 15 pw = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream()); 16 brTemp = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 17 while(true) 18 { 19 String line = brTemp.readLine(); 20 pw.println(line); 21 pw.flush(); 22 if (line.equals("end")) break; 23 System.out.println(br.readLine()); 24 } 25 } 26 catch(Exception ex) 27 { 28 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 29 } 30 finally
31 { 32 if (socket != null) socket.close(); 33 if (br != null) br.close(); 34 if (brTemp != null) brTemp.close(); 35 if (pw != null) pw.close(); 36 } 37 } 38 }
服務器端代碼以下:服務器
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class SimpleTcpServer { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException 6 { 7 ServerSocket server = null; 8 Socket client = null; 9 BufferedReader br = null; 10 PrintWriter pw = null; 11 try
12 { 13 server = new ServerSocket(5678); 14 client = server.accept(); 15 br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); 16 pw = new PrintWriter(client.getOutputStream()); 17 while(true) 18 { 19 String line = br.readLine(); 20 pw.println("Response:" + line); 21 pw.flush(); 22 if (line.equals("end")) break; 23 } 24 } 25 catch(Exception ex) 26 { 27 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 28 } 29 finally
30 { 31 if (server != null) server.close(); 32 if (client != null) client.close(); 33 if (br != null) br.close(); 34 if (pw != null) pw.close(); 35 } 36 } 37 }
這裏的服務器的功能很是簡單,它接收客戶端發來的消息,而後將消息「原封不動」的返回給客戶端。當客戶端發送「end」時,通訊結束。網絡
上面的代碼基本上勾勒了TCP通訊過程當中,客戶端和服務器端的主要框架,咱們能夠發現,上述的代碼中,服務器端在任什麼時候刻,都只能處理來自客戶 端的一個請求,它是串行處理的,不能並行,這和咱們印象裏的服務器處理方式不太相同,咱們能夠爲服務器添加多線程,當一個客戶端的請求進入後,咱們就建立 一個線程,來處理對應的請求。多線程
改善後的服務器端代碼以下:框架
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class SmartTcpServer { 4 public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException 5 { 6 ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(5678); 7 while(true) 8 { 9 Socket client = server.accept(); 10 Thread thread = new ServerThread(client); 11 thread.start(); 12 } 13 } 14 } 15
16 class ServerThread extends Thread 17 { 18 private Socket socket = null; 19
20 public ServerThread(Socket socket) 21 { 22 this.socket = socket; 23 } 24
25 public void run() { 26 BufferedReader br = null; 27 PrintWriter pw = null; 28 try
29 { 30 br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream())); 31 pw = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream()); 32 while(true) 33 { 34 String line = br.readLine(); 35 pw.println("Response:" + line); 36 pw.flush(); 37 if (line.equals("end")) break; 38 } 39 } 40 catch(Exception ex) 41 { 42 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 43 } 44 finally
45 { 46 if (socket != null) 47 try { 48 socket.close(); 49 } catch (IOException e1) { 50 e1.printStackTrace(); 51 } 52 if (br != null) 53 try { 54 br.close(); 55 } catch (IOException e) { 56 e.printStackTrace(); 57 } 58 if (pw != null) pw.close(); 59 } 60 } 61 }
修改後的服務器端,就能夠同時處理來自客戶端的多個請求了。socket
在編程的過程當中,咱們會有「資源」的概念,例如數據庫鏈接就是一個典型的資源,爲了提高性能,咱們一般不會直接銷燬數據庫鏈接,而是使用數據庫 鏈接池的方式來對多個數據庫鏈接進行管理,已實現重用的目的。對於Socket鏈接來講,它也是一種資源,當咱們的程序須要大量的Socket鏈接時,如 果每一個鏈接都須要從新創建,那麼將會是一件很是沒有效率的作法。ide
和數據庫鏈接池相似,咱們也能夠設計TCP鏈接池,這裏的思路是咱們用一個數組來維持多個Socket鏈接,另一個狀態數組來描述每一個 Socket鏈接是否正在使用,當程序須要Socket鏈接時,咱們遍歷狀態數組,取出第一個沒被使用的Socket鏈接,若是全部鏈接都在使用,拋出異 常。這是一種很直觀簡單的「調度策略」,在不少開源或者商業的框架中(Apache/Tomcat),都會有相似的「資源池」。
TCP鏈接池的代碼以下:
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class TcpConnectionPool { 4
5 private InetAddress address = null; 6 private int port; 7 private Socket[] arrSockets = null; 8 private boolean[] arrStatus = null; 9 private int count; 10
11 public TcpConnectionPool(InetAddress address, int port, int count) 12 { 13 this.address = address; 14 this.port = port; 15 this .count = count; 16 arrSockets = new Socket[count]; 17 arrStatus = new boolean[count]; 18
19 init(); 20 } 21
22 private void init() 23 { 24 try
25 { 26 for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) 27 { 28 arrSockets[i] = new Socket(address.getHostAddress(), port); 29 arrStatus[i] = false; 30 } 31 } 32 catch(Exception ex) 33 { 34 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 35 } 36 } 37
38 public Socket getConnection() 39 { 40 if (arrSockets == null) init(); 41 int i = 0; 42 for(i = 0; i < count; i++) 43 { 44 if (arrStatus[i] == false) 45 { 46 arrStatus[i] = true; 47 break; 48 } 49 } 50 if (i == count) throw new RuntimeException("have no connection availiable for now."); 51
52 return arrSockets[i]; 53 } 54
55 public void releaseConnection(Socket socket) 56 { 57 if (arrSockets == null) init(); 58 for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) 59 { 60 if (arrSockets[i] == socket) 61 { 62 arrStatus[i] = false; 63 break; 64 } 65 } 66 } 67
68 public void reBuild() 69 { 70 init(); 71 } 72
73 public void destory() 74 { 75 if (arrSockets == null) return; 76
77 for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) 78 { 79 try
80 { 81 arrSockets[i].close(); 82 } 83 catch(Exception ex) 84 { 85 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 86 continue; 87 } 88 } 89 } 90 }
UDP是一種和TCP不一樣的鏈接方式,它一般應用在對實時性要求很高,對準肯定要求不高的場合,例如在線視頻。UDP會有「丟包」的狀況發生,在TCP中,若是Server沒有啓動,Client發消息時,會報出異常,但對UDP來講,不會產生任何異常。
UDP通訊使用的兩個類時DatagramSocket和DatagramPacket,後者存放了通訊的內容。
下面是一個簡單的UDP通訊例子,同TCP同樣,也分爲Client和Server兩部分,Client端代碼以下:
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class UdpClient { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) 6 { 7 try
8 { 9 InetAddress host = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); 10 int port = 5678; 11 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 12 while(true) 13 { 14 String line = br.readLine(); 15 byte[] message = line.getBytes(); 16 DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(message, message.length, host, port); 17 DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(); 18 socket.send(packet); 19 socket.close(); 20 if (line.equals("end")) break; 21 } 22 br.close(); 23 } 24 catch(Exception ex) 25 { 26 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 27 } 28 } 29 }
Server端代碼以下:
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class UdpServer { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) 6 { 7 try
8 { 9 int port = 5678; 10 DatagramSocket dsSocket = new DatagramSocket(port); 11 byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; 12 DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); 13 while(true) 14 { 15 dsSocket.receive(packet); 16 String message = new String(buffer, 0, packet.getLength()); 17 System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostName() + ":" + message); 18 if (message.equals("end")) break; 19 packet.setLength(buffer.length); 20 } 21 dsSocket.close(); 22 } 23 catch(Exception ex) 24 { 25 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 26 } 27 } 28 }
這裏,咱們也假設和TCP同樣,當Client發出「end」消息時,認爲通訊結束,但其實這樣的設計不是必要的,Client端能夠隨時斷開,並不須要關心Server端狀態。
多播採用和UDP相似的方式,它會使用D類IP地址和標準的UDP端口號,D類IP地址是指224.0.0.0到239.255.255.255之間的地址,不包括224.0.0.0。
多播會使用到的類是MulticastSocket,它有兩個方法須要關注:joinGroup和leaveGroup。
下面是一個多播的例子,Client端代碼以下:
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class MulticastClient { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) 6 { 7 BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); 8 try
9 { 10 InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("230.0.0.1"); 11 int port = 5678; 12 while(true) 13 { 14 String line = br.readLine(); 15 byte[] message = line.getBytes(); 16 DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(message, message.length, address, port); 17 MulticastSocket multicastSocket = new MulticastSocket(); 18 multicastSocket.send(packet); 19 if (line.equals("end")) break; 20 } 21 br.close(); 22 } 23 catch(Exception ex) 24 { 25 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 26 } 27 } 28 }
服務器端代碼以下:
1 import java.net.*; 2 import java.io.*; 3 public class MulticastServer { 4
5 public static void main(String[] args) 6 { 7 int port = 5678; 8 try
9 { 10 MulticastSocket multicastSocket = new MulticastSocket(port); 11 InetAddress address = InetAddress.getByName("230.0.0.1"); 12 multicastSocket.joinGroup(address); 13 byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; 14 DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length); 15 while(true) 16 { 17 multicastSocket.receive(packet); 18 String message = new String(buffer, packet.getLength()); 19 System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostName() + ":" + message); 20 if (message.equals("end")) break; 21 packet.setLength(buffer.length); 22 } 23 multicastSocket.close(); 24 } 25 catch(Exception ex) 26 { 27 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 28 } 29 } 30 }
NIO是JDK1.4引入的一套新的IO API,它在緩衝區管理、網絡通訊、文件存取以及字符集操做方面有了新的設計。對於網絡通訊來講,NIO使用了緩衝區和通道的概念。
下面是一個NIO的例子,和咱們上面提到的代碼風格有很大的不一樣。
1 import java.io.*; 2 import java.nio.*; 3 import java.nio.channels.*; 4 import java.nio.charset.*; 5 import java.net.*; 6 public class NewIOSample { 7
8 public static void main(String[] args) 9 { 10 String host="127.0.0.1"; 11 int port = 5678; 12 SocketChannel channel = null; 13 try
14 { 15 InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(host,port); 16 Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8"); 17 CharsetDecoder decoder = charset.newDecoder(); 18 CharsetEncoder encoder = charset.newEncoder(); 19
20 ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 21 CharBuffer charBuffer = CharBuffer.allocate(1024); 22
23 channel = SocketChannel.open(); 24 channel.connect(address); 25
26 String request = "GET / \r\n\r\n"; 27 channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(request))); 28
29 while((channel.read(buffer)) != -1) 30 { 31 buffer.flip(); 32 decoder.decode(buffer, charBuffer, false); 33 charBuffer.flip(); 34 System.out.println(charBuffer); 35 buffer.clear(); 36 charBuffer.clear(); 37 } 38 } 39 catch(Exception ex) 40 { 41 System.err.println(ex.getMessage()); 42 } 43 finally
44 { 45 if (channel != null) 46 try { 47 channel.close(); 48 } catch (IOException e) { 49 // TODO Auto-generated catch block
50 e.printStackTrace(); 51 } 52 } 53 } 54 }
上述代碼會試圖訪問一個本地的網址,而後將其內容打印出來。