MySQL在線修改表結構pt-oschtml
重所周知 MySQL的DDL操做操做是相比比較昂貴的。由於MySQL在修改表期間會阻塞任何讀寫操做。node
基本上業務處於癱瘓。若是數據量較大可能須要好幾個小時才能完成,沒法容忍這個操做。Percona開發了一系列的工具 Percona Toolkit包,其中有一個工具pt-online-schema-change能夠在線執行DDL操做,不會阻塞讀寫操做從而影響業務程序。固然也有其餘的工具 例如 MySQL5.6的online ddl 還有gh-ost 本文主要講pt-online-schema-change在線修改表結構。sql
原理部分session
環境概述 less
Percona-Server-5.7.17-11 Percona-toolkit-3.0.3-1.el7.x86_64
表結構ide
CREATE TABLE `test` ( `id` int(40) NOT NULL, `name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
操做修改非主鍵 name字段工具
一。準備工做測試
設置當前回話參數 session級別spa
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb\_lock_wait_timeout'; SET SESSION innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1 SET SESSION lock_wait_timeout=60 SET SESSION wait_timeout=10000 innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1 lock_wait_timeout=60 wait_timeout=10000
2.收集MySQL信息orm
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'version%' SHOW ENGINES SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_version' SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'innodb_stats_persistent' SELECT @@SERVER_ID SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER() SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running' SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running' SELECT CONCAT(@@hostname, @@port) SHOW TABLES FROM `test2` LIKE 'test1' SHOW TRIGGERS FROM `test2` LIKE 'test1'
二 正式開始
1.建立跟舊錶如出一轍的新表
CREATE TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` ( `id` int(30) NOT NULL, `name` char(27) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
2.在新表上修改表結構
ALTER TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` modify name char(27)
3.建立觸發器
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_del` AFTER DELETE ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW DELETE IGNORE FROM `test2`.`_test1_new` WHERE `test2`.`_test1_new`.`id` <=> OLD.`id`
#刪除操做
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_upd` AFTER UPDATE ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW BEGIN DELETE IGNORE FROM `test2`.`_test1_new` WHERE !(OLD.`id` <=> NEW.`id`) AND `test2`.`_test1_new`.`id` <=> OLD.`id`;REPLACE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (NEW.`id`, NEW.`name`)
#更新操做
CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_test2_test1_ins` AFTER INSERT ON `test2`.`test1` FOR EACH ROW REPLACE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) VALUES (NEW.`id`, NEW.`name`)
#插入操做
4.插入到舊錶
EXPLAIN SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `test2`.`test1` LOCK IN SHARE MODE
IGNORE INTO `test2`.`_test1_new` (`id`, `name`) SELECT `id`, `name` FROM `test2`.`test1` LOCK IN SHARE MODE /*pt-online-schema-change 6291 copy table*/
#有鎖操做LOCK IN SHARE MODE
三 收尾工做
SHOW WARNINGS SELECT @@SERVER_ID SHOW GRANTS FOR CURRENT_USER() SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_running' ANALYZE TABLE `test2`.`_test1_new` /* pt-online-schema-change */ RENAME TABLE `test2`.`test1` TO `test2`.`_test1_old`, `test2`.`_test1_new` TO `test2`.`test1` DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test2`.`_test1_old` ROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_del` DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_upd` DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS `test2`.`pt_osc_test2_test1_ins` SHOW TABLES FROM `test2` LIKE '\_test1\_new'
概述
查看收集MySQL信息
建立一個和原表表結構同樣的new表 而後在new表中更改表結構。
在原表建立3個觸發器 三個觸發器分別對應 insert update delete 操做
從原表拷貝數據到new表 拷貝過程當中原表進行的寫操做都會更新到臨時表
copy完成後rename 原表爲old表 接着將new表rename原表 最後刪除old表和觸發器
四 操做注意事項
Read the tool’s documentation
Review the tool’s known 「BUGS」
Test the tool on a non-production server
Backup your production server and verify the backups
總結 先看一遍工具文檔,用以前先作測試,備份 備份 備份。在執行在線修改表結構的時候,最好選擇業務低峯期,不要把old表刪掉。
五 pt-osc限制
In most cases the tool will refuse to operate unless a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE INDEX is present in the table. See --alter for details.
The tool refuses to operate if it detects replication filters. See --[no]check-replication-filters for details.
The tool pauses the data copy operation if it observes any replicas that are delayed in replication. See --max-lagfor details.
The tool pauses or aborts its operation if it detects too much load on the server. See --max-load and --critical-load for details.
The tool sets innodb_lock_wait_timeout=1 and (for MySQL 5.5 and newer) lock_wait_timeout=60 so that it is more likely to be the victim of any lock contention, and less likely to disrupt other transactions. These values can be changed by specifying --set-vars.
The tool refuses to alter the table if foreign key constraints reference it, unless you specify --alter-foreign-keys-method.
The tool cannot alter MyISAM tables on 「Percona XtraDB Cluster」 nodes.
六 注意事項
1.先看一遍工具文檔,用以前先作測試,備份 備份 備份。
2.在執行在線修改表結構的時候,最好選擇業務低峯期,不要把old表刪掉。
3.必須有主鍵,沒法使用,必須有主鍵,必須有主鍵,必須有主鍵,必須有主鍵。
4.pt-osc若是改變外鍵約束,拒絕工做,除非指定--alter-foreign-keys-method。
5.操做的時候須要指定字符集 防止亂碼。
參考
https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.2/pt-online-schema-change.html