ansible 工做原理以及使用詳解

內容:
一、ansible的做用以及工做結構
二、ansible的安裝以及使用
三、ansible的playbook使用php

1、ansible的做用以及工做結構
        一、ansible簡介:
        ansible是新出現的自動化運維工具,基於Python開發,集合了衆多運維工具(puppet、cfengine、chef、func、fabric)的優勢,實現了批量系統配置、批量程序部署、批量運行命令等功能。ansible是基於模塊工做的,自己沒有批量部署的能力。真正具備批量部署的是ansible所運行的模塊,ansible只是提供一種框架。主要包括:
        (1)、鏈接插件connection plugins:負責和被監控端實現通訊;
        (2)、host inventory:指定操做的主機,是一個配置文件裏面定義監控的主機;
        (3)、各類模塊核心模塊、command模塊、自定義模塊;
        (4)、藉助於插件完成記錄日誌郵件等功能;
        (5)、playbook:劇本執行多個任務時,非必需可讓節點一次性運行多個任務。
        二、ansible的架構:鏈接其餘主機默認使用ssh協議node

 

2、ansible的安裝以及經常使用模塊使用
        一、ansible無服務器端,使用時直接運行命令便可,同時不須要在被管控主機上安裝任何客戶端,所以ansible是一個十分輕量級的工具,能夠在epel源進行安裝,ansible已經被紅帽收購,相信不久會被收入base源
        配置好epel源後直接yum安裝ansibleweb

  •   1 
      2 [root@php ~]# yum info ansible
      3 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
      4 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
      5 base                             | 4.0 kB     00:00 ...
      6 epel                             | 4.3 kB     00:00
      7 epel/primary_db                  | 5.7 MB     00:00
      8 Available Packages
      9 Name        : ansible
     10 Arch        : noarch
     11 Version     : 1.9.2
     12 Release     : 1.el6
     13 Size        : 1.7 M
     14 Repo        : epel
     15 Summary     : SSH-based configuration management, deployment, and task execution system
     16 URL         : http://ansible.com
     17 License     : GPLv3
     18 Description :
     19             : Ansible is a radically simple model-driven configuration management,
     20             : multi-node deployment, and remote task execution system. Ansible works
     21             : over SSH and does not require any software or daemons to be installed
     22             : on remote nodes. Extension modules can be written in any language and
     23             : are transferred to managed machines automatically.
     24 [root@php ~]# yum install ansible

 

查看生成的主要文件:redis

  1 /etc/ansible
  2 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg   #配置文件
  3 /etc/ansible/hosts   #主機庫(host inventory)
  4 /usr/bin/ansible   #主程序
  5 /usr/bin/ansible-doc   #文檔
  6 /usr/bin/ansible-playbook   #劇本

 

ansible命令的使用方法也比較簡單:
        語法:
        ansible <host-pattern> [-f forks] [-m module_name] [-a args]
        host-pattern:host inventory文件的一個組名,能夠爲all
            -f forks:並行處理的個數,默認爲5
            -m module_name:模塊名,默認爲command
            -a args:參數
        ansible-doc:
            -l:查看模塊列表
            -s:查看相關模塊參數
        咱們能夠看到ansible支持很是多的模塊:shell

  1 [21:20 root@centos6.8/var/ftp/pub/files]# ansible-doc -l
  2 less 436
  3 Copyright (C) 1984-2009 Mark Nudelman
  4 less comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
  5 For information about the terms of redistribution,
  6 see the file named README in the less distribution.
  7 Homepage: http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less
  8 a10_server                    Manage A10 Networks AX/SoftAX/Thunder/vThunder devices
  9 a10_service_group             Manage A10 Networks AX/SoftAX/Thunder/vThunder devices
 10 a10_virtual_server            Manage A10 Networks AX/SoftAX/Thunder/vThunder devices
 11 acl                           Sets and retrieves file ACL information.
 12 add_host                      add a host (and alternatively a group) to the ansible-playbook in-memory inventory
 13 airbrake_deployment           Notify airbrake about app deployments
 14 alternatives                  Manages alternative programs for common commands
 15 apache2_module                enables/disables a module of the Apache2 webserver
 16 apt                           Manages apt-packages
 17 apt_key                       Add or remove an apt key
 18 apt_repository                Add and remove APT repositories
 19 apt_rpm                       apt_rpm package manager
 20 assemble                      Assembles a configuration file from fragments
 21 assert                        Fail with custom message
 22 at                            Schedule the execution of a command or script file via the at command.
 23 authorized_key                Adds or removes an SSH authorized key
 24 azure                         create or terminate a virtual machine in azure
 25 bigip_facts                   Collect facts from F5 BIG-IP devices
 26 bigip_monitor_http            Manages F5 BIG-IP LTM http monitors
 27 bigip_monitor_tcp             Manages F5 BIG-IP LTM tcp monitors
 28 bigip_node                    Manages F5 BIG-IP LTM nodes
 29 bigip_pool                    Manages F5 BIG-IP LTM pools
 30 bigip_pool_member             Manages F5 BIG-IP LTM pool members
 31 bigpanda                      Notify BigPanda about deployments
 32 boundary_meter                Manage boundary meters
 33 

 

注意:使用ansible-doc -s查看幫助是,通常有=號的參數都是必要的參數
        Ansible默認安裝好後有一個配置文件/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg,該配置文件中定義了ansible的主機的默認配置部分,如默認是否須要輸入密碼、是否開啓sudo認證、action_plugins插件的位置、hosts主機組的位置、是否開啓log功能、默認端口、key文件位置等等。
        具體以下:apache

  1 [defaults]
  2     # some basic default values...
  3     hostfile       = /etc/ansible/hosts   \\指定默認hosts配置的位置
  4     # library_path = /usr/share/my_modules/
  5     remote_tmp     = $HOME/.ansible/tmp
  6     pattern        = *
  7     forks          = 5
  8     poll_interval  = 15
  9     sudo_user      = root  \\遠程sudo用戶
 10     #ask_sudo_pass = True  \\每次執行ansible命令是否詢問ssh密碼
 11     #ask_pass      = True  \\每次執行ansible命令時是否詢問sudo密碼
 12     transport      = smart
 13     remote_port    = 22
 14     module_lang    = C
 15     gathering = implicit
 16     host_key_checking = False    \\關閉第一次使用ansible鏈接客戶端是輸入命令提示
 17     log_path    = /var/log/ansible.log \\須要時能夠自行添加。chown -R root:root ansible.log
 18     system_warnings = False    \\關閉運行ansible時系統的提示信息,通常爲提示升級
 19     # set plugin path directories here, separate with colons
 20     action_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/action_plugins
 21     callback_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/callback_plugins
 22     connection_plugins = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/connection_plugins
 23     lookup_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/lookup_plugins
 24     vars_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/vars_plugins
 25     filter_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible_plugins/filter_plugins
 26     fact_caching = memory
 27     [accelerate]
 28     accelerate_port = 5099
 29     accelerate_timeout = 30
 30     accelerate_connect_timeout = 5.0
 31     # The daemon timeout is measured in minutes. This time is measured
 32     # from the last activity to the accelerate daemon.
 33     accelerate_daemon_timeout = 30

 

免密登錄

由於ansible是基於ssh工做,因此在使用ansible以前要先給各個服務器製做ssh免密登錄centos

ssh免密登錄教程服務器

用法

  1 ansible users1 -m command -a 'ls /etc/rc.local'
  2 # |        |    |    |     |          |
  3 # |        |    |    |     |          |_________________要執行的命令
  4 # |        |    |    |     |
  5 # |        |    |    |     |____________________________接命令
  6 # |        |    |    |
  7 # |        |    |    |__________________________________模塊
  8 # |        |    |
  9 # |        |    |_______________________________________接模塊
 10 # |        |
 11 # |        |____________________________________________組/IP
 12 # |
 13 # |_____________________________________________________ansible

 

遠程執行命令模塊

shell模塊架構

  1 # 在/tmp/1.txt寫入hello
  2 ansible users1 -m shell -a 'echo "hello" > /tmp/1.txt'
  1 # 查看/tmp/1.txt文件內容
  2 ansible users1 -m shell -a 'cat /tmp/1.txt'

 

command模塊app

  1 ansible users1 -m command -a 'ls /etc/rc.local'

 

其餘模塊

copy模塊(將本地文件拷貝到服務器)

  1 ansible users1 -m copy -a 'src=/root/passwd dest=/tmp/passwd mode=0777 ownes=user group=youboy'

備註:src本地文件;dest客戶端目錄;修改權限mode=0777 ;用戶ownes=user ;用戶組group=youboy

// 指定內容寫入到文件

  1 ansible users1 -m copy -a 'content="hello word" dest=/tmp/test.txt mode=0777'

 

fetch模塊(將服務器上的文件拷貝到本地)

  1 ansible users1 -m fetch -a 'src=/etc/passwd dest=/tmp/passwd'

file模塊

  1 //刪除文件
  2 ansible users1 -m file -a 'past=/tmp/passwd state=adsent'
  3 //建立軟鏈接
  4 ansible users1 -m file -a 'src=/etc/passwd path=/tmp/passwd.link state=link'
  5 //修改用戶權限
  6 ansible users1 -m file -a 'path=/tmp/passwd mode=0777 ownes=user group=youboy'

疑問?
///服務器上的文件拷貝到其餘目錄

  1 ansible users1 -m copy -a 'path=/etc/passwd dest=/tmp/passwd'

cron模塊(計劃任務)

  1 ansible users1 -m cron -a 'minute=10 hour=02 day=15 moneth=12 weekday=7 name="test" job="date > /tmp/date.txt"'
  2 //使用shell模塊驗證計劃任務
  3 ansible users1 -m shell -a 'crontab -l'
  4 //清除計劃任務(使用ansible users1 -m cron -a name="test" state=absent''可能無效,使用全命令清除便可)
  5 ansible users1 -m cron -a 'minute=10 hour=02 day=15 moneth=12 weekday=7 name="test" job="date > /tmp/date.txt" state=absent'
  6 //使用shell模塊驗證清除的計劃任務

hostname模塊(臨時修改主機名)

  1 ansible 192.168.1.2 -m hostname -a 'name=jiahui.com'

yum模塊

  1 ansible users1 -m yum -a 'name=httpd state=installed'

present 查看安裝
installed 安裝
latest 升級安裝
absent 卸載

service模塊(操做服務)

  1 //啓動服務
  2 ansible users1 -m service -a 'name=httpd state=started'

started 啓動服務
stopped 關閉服務

  1 /開機自啓
  2 ansible users1 -m service -a 'name=httpd enabled=yes runlevel=2345'

備註:runlevel 運行級別(0123456 7個級別,以下)

  1 chkconfig --list | grep httpd
  2 httpd           0:關閉  1:關閉  2:關閉  3:關閉  4:關閉  5:關閉  6:關閉
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