在如今的微服務使用的過程當中,常常會遇到依賴的服務不可用,那麼若是依賴的服務不可用的話,會致使把本身的服務也會拖死,那麼就產生了熔斷,熔斷顧名思義就是當服務處於不可用的時候採起半開關的狀態,達到必定數量後就熔斷器就打開。這就至關於家裏邊的保險絲,若是電壓太高的話,保險絲就會斷掉,起到保護電器的做用。java
目前支持熔斷,降級的就是Hystrix,固然還有resilience4j還有Sentinel。今天我們以Hystrix爲主吧。其餘的你們能夠自行研究。併發
Hystrix主要實現三個功能,接下來我們繼續展開。異步
1. 資源隔離ide
2. 熔斷微服務
3. 降級ui
資源隔離分爲兩種,一種是線程池隔離,一種是信號量semaphore隔離。線程池以請求的線程和執行的線程分爲不一樣的線程執行,信號量是請求和執行採用相同的線程。this
固然,涉及到線程池的話,那麼就支持異步,支持異步Future的話也就支持get的時候支持超時獲取。信號量這些功能不支持,可是信號量是支持熔斷,限流。他們的區別以下:spa
線程切換 | 異步 | 超時 | 熔斷 | 限流 | 資源開銷 | |
線程池 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 大 |
信號量 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 小 |
HystrixCommand的命令執行大體以下圖:.net
依賴的pom以下:線程
<!-- 依賴版本 --> <hystrix.version>1.3.16</hystrix.version> <hystrix-metrics-event-stream.version>1.1.2</hystrix-metrics-event-stream.version> <dependency> <groupId>com.netflix.hystrix</groupId> <artifactId>hystrix-core</artifactId> <version>${hystrix.version}</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.netflix.hystrix</groupId> <artifactId>hystrix-metrics-event-stream</artifactId> <version>${hystrix-metrics-event-stream.version}</version> </dependency>
支持同步,異步,觀察事件攔截,以及訂閱方式,下面我們直接看代碼實現吧。你們一看就明白了:
import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand; import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommandGroupKey; import rx.Observable; import rx.Subscriber; import rx.functions.Action1; import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException; import java.util.concurrent.Future; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException; /** * @author huangqingshi * @Date 2019-03-17 */ public class HelloWorldCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private final String name; public HelloWorldCommand(String name) { //指定命令組名 super(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("myGroup")); this.name = name; } @Override protected String run() throws Exception { //邏輯封裝在run裏邊 return "Hello:" + name + " thread:" + Thread.currentThread().getName(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException { //每一個Command只能調用一次,不能重複調用。重複調用會報異常。 HelloWorldCommand helloWorldCommand = new HelloWorldCommand("Synchronous-hystrix"); //execute同步調用 等同於:helloWorldCommand.queue().get(); String result = helloWorldCommand.execute(); System.out.println("result:" + result); helloWorldCommand = new HelloWorldCommand("Asynchronous-hystrix"); //異步調用 Future<String> future = helloWorldCommand.queue(); //get能夠指定獲取的時間100毫秒,默認爲1秒 result = future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); System.out.println("result:" + result); System.out.println("main thread:" + Thread.currentThread().getName()); testObserve(); } public static void testObserve() { //註冊觀察者事件攔截 Observable<String> observable = new HelloWorldCommand("observe").observe(); //註冊回調事件 observable.subscribe(new Action1<String>() { @Override public void call(String result) { //result就是調用HelloWorldCommand的結果 System.out.println("callback:" + result); } }); //註冊完成版的事件 observable.subscribe(new Subscriber<String>() { @Override public void onCompleted() { System.out.println("onCompleted調用:onNext : onError以後調用"); } @Override public void onError(Throwable throwable) { //異常產生了以後會調用 System.out.println("onError:" + throwable.getMessage()); } @Override public void onNext(String s) { //獲取結果後回調 System.out.println("onNext:" + s); } }); } }
執行結果以下:
result:Hello:Synchronous-hystrix thread:hystrix-myGroup-1
result:Hello:Asynchronous-hystrix thread:hystrix-myGroup-2
main thread:main
callback:Hello:observe thread:hystrix-myGroup-3
onNext:Hello:observe thread:hystrix-myGroup-3
onCompleted調用:onNext : onError以後調用
接下來是線程池隔離的例子:
import com.netflix.hystrix.*; /** * @author huangqingshi * @Date 2019-03-17 */ public class ThreadPoolCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private String name; public ThreadPoolCommand(String name) { super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("threadPoolGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("threadPoolCommand")) .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter() .withCircuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold(10) //至少10個請求,熔斷器才進行錯誤計算 默認值20 .withCircuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds(5000) //熔斷終端5秒後會進入半打開狀態 .withCircuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage(50) //錯誤率達到50開啓熔斷保護 .withExecutionIsolationStrategy(HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.THREAD) //10個核心線程 ).andThreadPoolPropertiesDefaults(HystrixThreadPoolProperties.Setter().withCoreSize(10)) ); this.name = name; } @Override protected String run() throws Exception { return "threadPoolCommand name:" + name; } public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadPoolCommand threadPoolCommand = new ThreadPoolCommand("threadPool"); String result = threadPoolCommand.execute(); System.out.println("result:" + result); } } 執行結果: result:threadPoolCommand name:threadPool
信號量隔離例子:
/** * @author huangqingshi * @Date 2019-03-17 */ public class SemaphoreCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private String name; public SemaphoreCommand(String name) { super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("semaphoreGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("semaphoreCommand")) .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter() //至少10個請求,熔斷器纔會進行錯誤率的計算 默認值20 .withCircuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold(10) //熔斷器中斷請求5秒後會自動進入半打開狀態,放部分流量進行重試 默認值5000ms .withCircuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds(5000) //錯誤率達到50開啓熔斷保護 .withCircuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage(50) //設置隔離策略 .withExecutionIsolationStrategy(HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.SEMAPHORE) //最大併發量10 .withExecutionIsolationSemaphoreMaxConcurrentRequests(10) ) ); this.name = name; } @Override protected String run() throws Exception { return "semaphore success name:" + name; } @Override protected String getFallback() { return "semaphore fallback name:" + name; } public static void main(String[] args) { SemaphoreCommand semaphoreCommand = new SemaphoreCommand("semaphoreCommand"); String result = semaphoreCommand.execute(); System.out.println(result); } } 執行結果: semaphore success name:semaphoreCommand
在執行的過程當中,若是出現調用服務的時候出現錯誤的時候會先進行熔斷,就是若是流量達到設置的量的時候進行統計,好比10個請求,而後若是出現錯誤率超過配置的錯誤率就會進行將熔斷進行打開,打開以後會進行調用降級方法fallback。過了一段時間後,能夠放行部分流量,若是流量正常了,則會將熔斷器開關關閉。下圖是來自官方文檔截圖,裏邊維護者一個bucket,每秒一個bucket,裏邊記錄着成功,失敗,超時,拒絕。這個週期是經過withCircuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds配置的。
接下來我們看一降低級,也就是熔斷器打開的時候,會走fallback方法,繼續看例子。
import com.netflix.hystrix.*; /** * @author huangqingshi * @Date 2019-03-17 */ public class ThreadPoolCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private String name; public ThreadPoolCommand(String name) { super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("threadPoolGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("threadPoolCommand")) .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter() .withCircuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold(10) //至少10個請求,熔斷器才進行錯誤計算 默認值20 .withCircuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds(5000) //熔斷終端5秒後會進入半打開狀態 .withCircuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage(50) //錯誤率達到50開啓熔斷保護 .withExecutionIsolationStrategy(HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.THREAD) //10個核心線程 ).andThreadPoolPropertiesDefaults(HystrixThreadPoolProperties.Setter().withCoreSize(10)) ); this.name = name; } @Override protected String run() throws Exception { return "threadPoolCommand name:" + name; } public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadPoolCommand threadPoolCommand = new ThreadPoolCommand("threadPool"); String result = threadPoolCommand.execute(); System.out.println("result:" + result); } } 執行結果: result:executed fallback 而且拋出超時異常。由於程序故意設計超時的。
固然,Hystrixcommand還支持primary或secondary的方式,能夠先看看流程圖:
是否執行primary是經過參數primarySecondary.userPrimary爲true時執行。false的時候執行secondary方式。
/** * @author huangqingshi * @Date 2019-03-18 */ public class PrimarySecondaryFacade extends HystrixCommand<String> { private final static DynamicBooleanProperty usePrimary = DynamicPropertyFactory.getInstance(). getBooleanProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", true); private int id; public PrimarySecondaryFacade(int id) { super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("facadeGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("primarySecondCommand")) //此處採用信號量,primary、secondary採用線程池 .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter().withExecutionIsolationStrategy( HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.SEMAPHORE) ) ); this.id = id; } @Override protected String run() throws Exception { if(usePrimary.get()) { return new PrimaryCommand(id).execute(); } else { return new SecondaryCommand(id).execute(); } } @Override protected String getFallback() { return "static-fallback-" + id; } @Override protected String getCacheKey() { return String.valueOf(id); } private static class PrimaryCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private final int id; private PrimaryCommand(int id) { super(Setter .withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("facadeGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("PrimaryCommand")) .andThreadPoolKey(HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey("PrimaryCommand")) .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter(). withExecutionIsolationThreadTimeoutInMilliseconds(600))); this.id = id; } @Override protected String run() { return "responseFromPrimary-" + id; } } private static class SecondaryCommand extends HystrixCommand<String> { private final int id; private SecondaryCommand(int id) { super(Setter .withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("facadeGroup")) .andCommandKey(HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey("SecondaryCommand")) .andThreadPoolKey(HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey("SecondaryCommand")) .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(HystrixCommandProperties.Setter(). withExecutionIsolationThreadTimeoutInMilliseconds(600))); this.id = id; } @Override protected String run() { return "responseFromSecondary-" + id; } } public static class UnitTest { @Test public void testPrimary() { HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext(); try { ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().setProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", true); assertEquals("responseFromPrimary-100", new PrimarySecondaryFacade(100).execute()); } finally { context.shutdown(); ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().clear(); } } @Test public void testSecondary() { HystrixRequestContext context = HystrixRequestContext.initializeContext(); try { ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().setProperty("primarySecondary.usePrimary", false); assertEquals("responseFromSecondary-100", new PrimarySecondaryFacade(100).execute()); } finally { context.shutdown(); ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance().clear(); } } } }
好了,這個基本上就是Hystrix的基本功能,可是有個問題就是Hystrix已經不維護了,可是目前的穩定版你們也都在使用,因此列出來了。固然也推薦你們使用Sentinel,功能比較強大,就是自適應限流功能等,功能也很是強大,後續研究以後再出相關文章吧。這個文章就當你們的一個敲門磚吧,有問題請及時告知,謝謝。