R study day01 — 簡介、基本操做

1、數據分析python

  一、通常的數據分析過程算法

    數據採集、數據存儲、數據分析、數據挖掘、數據可視化、進行決策數據庫

    (1)數據存儲:存儲到數據倉庫(輸入到計算機中存儲爲文件格式)。編程

    (2)數據挖掘:從大量的數據經過算法搜索隱藏於其中信息的過程,並不清楚可以挖掘出什麼,即不能明確結果。數組

 

2、R語言介紹數據結構

  一、R語言特色app

    (1)有效的數據處理和保存機制編程語言

    (2)擁有一整套數組和矩陣的操做運算符函數

    (3)一系列連貫而又完整的數據分析中間工具工具

    (4)圖形統計能夠對數據直接進行分析和顯示,可用於多種圖形設備

    (5)一種至關完善、簡潔和高效的程序設計語言

    (6)R語言是完全面對對象的統計編程語言

    (7)R語言和其它編程語言、數據庫之間有很好的接口

    (8)R語言是自由軟件,能夠放心大膽地使用,但其功能卻不比任何其它同類軟件差

    (9)R語言具備豐富的網上資源

  二、R的缺點

    (1)R軟件不夠規範,不容易上手,須要付出較多的努力,付出大量的學習成本

    (2)R擴展包太多,且學習難度大

 

3、Rstudio基本操做

  一、工做目錄

    (1)getwd() 用於查詢當前工做目錄

      

 

      (2)setwd()用於設置當前目錄

        注意:路徑名要加上「 」,要將本來文件加的\改爲/

      

    (3)dir() 查詢當前工做目錄的文件列表

      

 

     注:若是想要改變默認工做目錄,須要點擊上方的Tools工具中的Global option中修改

      

 

 

  二、賦值運算

    (1)經常使用 <- 進行賦值,注:符號之間必定不要有空格

> x <- 3
> x
[1] 3

 

    (2)<<- 用於強制賦值給一個全局變量而不是局部變量,編寫函數會用到

 

  三、經常使用函數

    (1)sum(….),取得全部元素的最大值

> sum(1, 3,5 ,6,9)
[1] 24

    mean(….) 取得全部元素的平均值

> x<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)
> mean(x)
[1] 4.5
> mean(1:8)
[1] 4.5

    ls() 列出目前在工做空間中存在的變量名

> ls()
[1] "x"

    ls.str() 列出目前在工做空間中存在的變量的全部信息

> ls.str()
x :  num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

    str(變量名)列出變量的詳細信息

> str(x)
 num [1:8] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

    rm(變量名)刪除變量

> rm(x)

    rm(list = ls())刪除全部變量

    save.image()保存工做空間,默認保存在當前工做目錄下的RData文件中(繪製的圖片不會單獨保存)

> save.image()

 

4、R包的安裝

  (1).libPaths()可以顯示當前庫所在的位置

> .libPaths()
[1] "D:/R-3.6.2/library"

 

  (2)library()不加任何參數能顯示當前庫中的軟件包

 

  (3)library(包名)載入包/也可使用require(包名)載入包

> library("grid")

 

  (4)R的基礎包在R啓動的時候就會被加載進來

 

  (5)help(package="包名")查看包的幫助文檔

> help(package = "grid")

 

  (6)library(help="包名")列出包的基本內容

> library(help="grid")

 

  (7)ls("package:包名")列出包中包含的全部函數

> ls("package:grid")
  [1] "absolute.size"        "addGrob"              "applyEdit"           
  [4] "applyEdits"           "arcCurvature"         "arrow"               
  [7] "arrowsGrob"           "ascentDetails"        "bezierGrob"          
 [10] "bezierPoints"         "calcStringMetric"     "childNames"          
 [13] "circleGrob"           "clipGrob"             "convertHeight"       
 [16] "convertNative"        "convertUnit"          "convertWidth"        
 [19] "convertX"             "convertY"             "current.parent"      
 [22] "current.rotation"     "current.transform"    "current.viewport"    
 [25] "current.vpPath"       "current.vpTree"       "curveGrob"           
 [28] "dataViewport"         "delayGrob"            "depth"               
 [31] "descentDetails"       "deviceDim"            "deviceLoc"           
 [34] "downViewport"         "draw.details"         "drawDetails"         
 [37] "editDetails"          "editGrob"             "emptyCoords"         
 [40] "engine.display.list"  "explode"              "forceGrob"           
 [43] "frameGrob"            "functionGrob"         "gEdit"               
 [46] "gEditList"            "get.gpar"             "getGrob"             
 [49] "getNames"             "gList"                "gpar"                
 [52] "gPath"                "grid.abline"          "grid.add"            
 [55] "grid.arrows"          "grid.bezier"          "grid.cap"            
 [58] "grid.circle"          "grid.clip"            "grid.collection"     
 [61] "grid.convert"         "grid.convertHeight"   "grid.convertWidth"   
 [64] "grid.convertX"        "grid.convertY"        "grid.copy"           
 [67] "grid.curve"           "grid.delay"           "grid.display.list"   
 [70] "grid.DLapply"         "grid.draw"            "grid.edit"           
 [73] "grid.force"           "grid.frame"           "grid.function"       
 [76] "grid.gedit"           "grid.get"             "grid.gget"           
 [79] "grid.grab"            "grid.grabExpr"        "grid.gremove"        
 [82] "grid.grep"            "grid.grill"           "grid.grob"           
 [85] "grid.layout"          "grid.legend"          "grid.line.to"        
 [88] "grid.lines"           "grid.locator"         "grid.ls"             
 [91] "grid.move.to"         "grid.multipanel"      "grid.newpage"        
 [94] "grid.null"            "grid.pack"            "grid.panel"          
 [97] "grid.path"            "grid.place"           "grid.plot.and.legend"
[100] "grid.points"          "grid.polygon"         "grid.polyline"       
[103] "grid.pretty"          "grid.raster"          "grid.record"         
[106] "grid.rect"            "grid.refresh"         "grid.remove"         
[109] "grid.reorder"         "grid.revert"          "grid.roundrect"      
[112] "grid.segments"        "grid.set"             "grid.show.layout"    
[115] "grid.show.viewport"   "grid.strip"           "grid.text"           
[118] "grid.xaxis"           "grid.xspline"         "grid.yaxis"          
[121] "grob"                 "grobAscent"           "grobCoords"          
[124] "grobDescent"          "grobHeight"           "grobName"            
[127] "grobPathListing"      "grobPoints"           "grobTree"            
[130] "grobWidth"            "grobX"                "grobY"               
[133] "gTree"                "heightDetails"        "is.grob"             
[136] "is.unit"              "isEmptyCoords"        "layout.heights"      
[139] "layout.torture"       "layout.widths"        "layoutRegion"        
[142] "legendGrob"           "linesGrob"            "lineToGrob"          
[145] "makeContent"          "makeContext"          "moveToGrob"          
[148] "nestedListing"        "nullGrob"             "packGrob"            
[151] "pathGrob"             "pathListing"          "placeGrob"           
[154] "plotViewport"         "pointsGrob"           "polygonGrob"         
[157] "polylineGrob"         "pop.viewport"         "popViewport"         
[160] "postDrawDetails"      "preDrawDetails"       "push.viewport"       
[163] "pushViewport"         "rasterGrob"           "recordGrob"          
[166] "rectGrob"             "removeGrob"           "reorderGrob"         
[169] "resolveHJust"         "resolveRasterSize"    "resolveVJust"        
[172] "roundrectGrob"        "seekViewport"         "segmentsGrob"        
[175] "setChildren"          "setGrob"              "showGrob"            
[178] "showViewport"         "stringAscent"         "stringDescent"       
[181] "stringHeight"         "stringWidth"          "textGrob"            
[184] "unit"                 "unit.c"               "unit.length"         
[187] "unit.pmax"            "unit.pmin"            "unit.rep"            
[190] "upViewport"           "valid.just"           "validDetails"        
[193] "viewport"             "viewport.layout"      "viewport.transform"  
[196] "vpList"               "vpPath"               "vpStack"             
[199] "vpTree"               "widthDetails"         "xaxisGrob"           
[202] "xDetails"             "xsplineGrob"          "xsplinePoints"       
[205] "yaxisGrob"            "yDetails"            

 

  (8)data(package = "包名")列出包中包含全部的數據集

> data(package = "base")
Warning message:
In data(package = "base") : 數據機從程序包'base'移到了程序包'datasets'

 

 

  (9)detach("package:包名")從內存中移除包

 

  (10)remove.package("包名")刪除已經安裝的包

 

  (11)install.packages("包名")安裝對應包

 

5、數據結構

  一、定義:數據結構是計算機存儲、組織數據的方式

  二、R中的數據類型

      數值型,數值能夠用於直接結算,加減乘除

      字符串型,能夠進行鏈接,轉換,提取等

      邏輯性,真或者假

      日期型等

  三、普通的數據結構:向量、標量、列表、數組、多維數組

      特殊的數據結構:perl中的哈希,python中的字典、C語言中的指針等

  四、R對象:object,它是指能夠賦值給變量的任何事物,包括常量、數據結構、函數,甚至圖形。對象都擁有某種模式,描述了此對象是如何存儲的,以及某個類

  五、R中的數據結構:向量、標量、矩陣、數組、列表、數據框因子、時間序列等。

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