微服務是時下最流行的架構之一,做爲微服務不可或缺的一部分,API網關的做用相當重要。本文將對隨行付微服務的API網關實踐進行介紹。java
咱們知道,在一個微服務系統中,整個系統被劃分爲許多小模塊,客戶端想要調用服務,可能須要維護不少ip+port信息,管理十分複雜。API網關做爲整個系統的統一入口,全部請求由網關接收並路由轉發給內部的微服務。對於客戶端而言,系統至關於一個黑箱,客戶端不須要關心其內部結構。web
隨着業務的發展,服務端可能須要對微服務進行從新劃分等操做,因爲網關將客戶端和具體服務隔離,所以能夠在儘可能不改動客戶端的狀況下進行。網關能夠完成權限驗證、限流、安全、監控、緩存、服務路由、協議轉換、服務編排、灰度發佈等功能剝離出來,講這些非業務功能統一解決、統一機制處理。spring
隨行付微服務API網關基於Netflix的Zuul實現。Netflix是實踐微服務最成功的公司之一,他們建立並開源了一系列微服務相關的框架,Zuul即是用來實現網關功能的框架。Zuul的總體架構圖以下:緩存
Zuul基於Servlet開發,ZuulServlet是整個框架的入口。Zuul的核心組件是Filter,Filter分爲四類,分別是pre、route、post、error。pre-filter用來實現前置邏輯,route-filter用來實現對目標服務的調用邏輯,post-filter用來實現收尾邏輯,error-filter則在任意位置發生異常時作異常處理(此處應該注意,若是pre或route發生異常,執行error後,仍然會執行post),其示意圖以下:安全
在Filter中能夠定義某些條件下是否執行過濾器邏輯,以及同種類Filter的優先級。Filter的各個方法中並不存在入參,其參數傳遞是經過一個基於ThreadLocal實現的RequestContext,雖然RequestContext中定義了不少參數的讀寫方法,但初始的可用參數僅有req和res,對應HttpSerlvetRequest和HttpServletResponse。Filter代碼範例以下:架構
public class TestFilter extends ZuulFilter {
@Override /** 是否攔截 */
public boolean shouldFilter() {
return false;
}
@Override /** filter邏輯 */
public Object run() throws ZuulException {
RequestContext context = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();// 獲取當前線程的
HttpServletRequest req = context.getRequest();// 獲取請求信息
return null; // 從源碼來看,這個返回值沒什麼用
}
@Override /** filter類型 */
public String filterType() {
return "pre";// pre/route/post/error
}
@Override /** filter優先級,僅在同類型filter中生效 */
public int filterOrder() {
return 0;
}
}
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Filter一般使用groovy編寫,以便於動態加載。當咱們編寫好一個Filter類後,將其放在指定的磁盤路徑下,FilterFileManager會啓動一個守護線程去按期讀取並加載。經過動態加載,咱們能夠在不停機的狀況下添加、修改功能模塊。FilterFileManager源碼摘要以下:併發
public class FilterFileManager {
...
/** * Initialized the GroovyFileManager. * * @throws Exception */
@PostConstruct
public void init() throws Exception {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
filterLoader.putFiltersForClasses(config.getClassNames());
manageFiles();
startPoller();
LOG.warn("Finished loading all zuul filters. Duration = " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + " ms.");
}
...
/** 啓動線程定時讀取文件 */
void startPoller() {
poller = new Thread("GroovyFilterFileManagerPoller") {
public void run() {
while (bRunning) {
try {
sleep(config.getPollingIntervalSeconds() * 1000);
manageFiles();
}
catch (Exception e) {
LOG.error("Error checking and/or loading filter files from Poller thread.", e);
}
}
}
};
poller.start();
}
...
/** 讀取文件並加載 */
void manageFiles() {
try {
List<File> aFiles = getFiles();
processGroovyFiles(aFiles);
}
catch (Exception e) {
String msg = "Error updating groovy filters from disk!";
LOG.error(msg, e);
throw new RuntimeException(msg, e);
}
}
}
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Spring Cloud經過集成Zuul來實現API網關模塊,咱們來簡單介紹一下它的整合原理。app
SpringCloud-Zuul的核心配置類是ZuulServerAutoConfiguration以及ZuulProxyAutoConfiguration。Spring首先使用ZuulController來封裝ZuulServlet,而後定義一個ZuulHandlerMapping,使得除一些特殊請求之外(如/error)的大部分請求被轉發到ZuulController進行處理。源碼摘要以下:框架
@Configuration
@EnableConfigurationProperties({ ZuulProperties.class })
@ConditionalOnClass(ZuulServlet.class)
@ConditionalOnBean(ZuulServerMarkerConfiguration.Marker.class)
// Make sure to get the ServerProperties from the same place as a normal web app would
@Import(ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration.class)
public class ZuulServerAutoConfiguration {
...
@Bean
public ZuulController zuulController() {
return new ZuulController();
}
@Bean
public ZuulHandlerMapping zuulHandlerMapping(RouteLocator routes) {
ZuulHandlerMapping mapping = new ZuulHandlerMapping(routes, zuulController());
mapping.setErrorController(this.errorController);
return mapping;
}
}
public class ZuulController extends ServletWrappingController {
public ZuulController() {
setServletClass(ZuulServlet.class);
setServletName("zuul");
setSupportedMethods((String[]) null); // Allow all
}
...
}
public class ZuulHandlerMapping extends AbstractUrlHandlerMapping {
...
private final ZuulController zuul;
...
@Override
protected Object lookupHandler(String urlPath, HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
if (this.errorController != null && urlPath.equals(this.errorController.getErrorPath())) {
return null;
}
if (isIgnoredPath(urlPath, this.routeLocator.getIgnoredPaths())) return null;
RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
if (ctx.containsKey("forward.to")) {
return null;
}
if (this.dirty) {
synchronized (this) {
if (this.dirty) {
registerHandlers();
this.dirty = false;
}
}
}
return super.lookupHandler(urlPath, request);
}
...
private void registerHandlers() {
Collection<Route> routes = this.routeLocator.getRoutes();
if (routes.isEmpty()) {
this.logger.warn("No routes found from RouteLocator");
}
else {
for (Route route : routes) {
registerHandler(route.getFullPath(), this.zuul);
}
}
}
}
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SpringCloud默認定義了一些Filter來實現網關邏輯,其中最核心的Filter——RibbonRoutingFilter是負責實際轉發操做的,在它的過濾邏輯裏又集成了hystrix、ribbon等其餘重要框架。源碼摘要以下:運維
public class RibbonRoutingFilter extends ZuulFilter {
@Override
public Object run() {
RequestContext context = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
this.helper.addIgnoredHeaders();
try {
RibbonCommandContext commandContext = buildCommandContext(context);//構建請求數據
ClientHttpResponse response = forward(commandContext);//執行請求
setResponse(response);//設置應答信息
return response;
}
catch (ZuulException ex) {
throw new ZuulRuntimeException(ex);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
throw new ZuulRuntimeException(ex);
}
}
}
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加載Filter的方式經過ZuulFilterInitializer擴展爲能夠從ApplicationContext中獲取。源碼摘要:
/** 代碼出自ZuulServerAutoConfiguration */
@Configuration
protected static class ZuulFilterConfiguration {
@Autowired
private Map<String, ZuulFilter> filters;//從spring上下文中獲取Filter bean
@Bean
public ZuulFilterInitializer zuulFilterInitializer( CounterFactory counterFactory, TracerFactory tracerFactory) {
FilterLoader filterLoader = FilterLoader.getInstance();
FilterRegistry filterRegistry = FilterRegistry.instance();
return new ZuulFilterInitializer(this.filters, counterFactory, tracerFactory, filterLoader, filterRegistry);
}
}
public class ZuulFilterInitializer {
private final Map<String, ZuulFilter> filters;
...
@PostConstruct
public void contextInitialized() {
...
// 設置filter
for (Map.Entry<String, ZuulFilter> entry : this.filters.entrySet()) {
filterRegistry.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
}
}
}
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隨着業務的不斷髮展,Zuul對於Netflix來講性能已經不太夠用,因而Netflix又開發了Zuul2。Zuul2最大的變革是基於Netty實現了框架的異步化,從而提高其性能。根據官方的數據,Zuul2的性能比Zuul1約有20%的提高。Zuul2架構圖以下:
因爲框架改成了異步的模式,Zuul2在提高性能的同時,也帶來了調試、運維的困難。在實際的使用當中,對於絕大多數公司來講,併發量遠遠沒有Netflix那樣龐大,選擇開發調試更簡單、且性可以用的Zuul1是更合適的選擇。
任金昊,隨行付架構部高級開發工程師。擅長分佈式、微服務架構,負責隨行付微服務生態平臺開發。