Python之路【第十八篇】：Web框架們
Python之路【第十八篇】：Web框架們
Python的WEB框架css
Bottle
Bottle是一個快速、簡潔、輕量級的基於WSIG的微型Web框架，此框架只由一個 .py 文件，除了Python的標準庫外，其不依賴任何其餘模塊。html
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pip install bottle
easy_install bottle
apt
-
get install python
-
bottle
wget http:
/
/
bottlepy.org
/
bottle.py
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Bottle框架大體能夠分爲如下部分：node
- 路由系統，將不一樣請求交由指定函數處理
- 模板系統，將模板中的特殊語法渲染成字符串，值得一說的是Bottle的模板引擎能夠任意指定：Bottle內置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
- 公共組件，用於提供處理請求相關的信息，如：表單數據、cookies、請求頭等
- 服務，Bottle默認支持多種基於WSGI的服務，如：
123456789101112131415161718192021server_names={'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern': BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer,}
框架的基本使用python
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
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1、路由系統jquery
路由系統是的url對應指定函數，當用戶請求某個url時，就由指定函數處理當前請求，對於Bottle的路由系統能夠分爲一下幾類：git
- 靜態路由
- 動態路由
- 請求方法路由
- 二級路由
一、靜態路由程序員
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
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二、動態路由github
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@root
.route(
'/wiki/<pagename>'
)
def
callback(pagename):
...
@root
.route(
'/object/<id:int>'
)
def
callback(
id
):
...
@root
.route(
'/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>'
)
def
callback(name):
...
@root
.route(
'/static/<path:path>'
)
def
callback(path):
return
static_file(path, root
=
'static'
)
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三、請求方法路由web
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
, method
=
'POST'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.get(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.post(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.put(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.delete(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
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四、二級路由ajax
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
app01 = Bottle()
@app01.route('/hello/', method='GET')
def index():
return template('<b>App01</b>!')
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle
app02 = Bottle()
@app02.route('/hello/', method='GET')
def index():
return template('<b>App02</b>!')
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
from
bottle
import
static_file
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Root {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
from
framwork_bottle
import
app01
from
framwork_bottle
import
app02
root.mount(
'app01'
, app01.app01)
root.mount(
'app02'
, app02.app02)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
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2、模板系統
模板系統用於將Html和自定的值二者進行渲染，從而獲得字符串，而後將該字符串返回給客戶端。咱們知道在Bottle中可使用 內置模板系統、mako、jinja2、cheetah等，之內置模板系統爲例：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{name}}</h1>
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
# 默認狀況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return
template(
'hello_template.tpl'
, name
=
'alex'
)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
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一、語法
- 單值
- 單行Python代碼
- Python代碼快
- Python、Html混合
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<h1>
1
、單值<
/
h1>
{{name}}
<h1>
2
、單行Python代碼<
/
h1>
%
s1
=
"hello"
<h1>
3
、Python代碼塊<
/
h1>
<
%
# A block of python code
name
=
name.title().strip()
if
name
=
=
"Alex"
:
name
=
"seven"
%
>
<h1>
4
、Python、Html混合<
/
h1>
%
if
True
:
<span>{{name}}<
/
span>
%
end
<ul>
%
for
item
in
name:
<li>{{item}}<
/
li>
%
end
<
/
ul>
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二、函數
include(sub_template, **variables)
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# 導入其餘模板文件
%
include(
'header.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
Page Content
%
include(
'footer.tpl'
)
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rebase(name, **variables)
<html>
<head>
<title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title>
</head>
<body>
{{!base}}
</body>
</html>
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# 導入母版
%
rebase(
'base.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
<p>Page Content ...<
/
p>
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defined(name)
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# 檢查當前變量是否已經被定義，已定義True，未定義False
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get(name, default=None)
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# 獲取某個變量的值，不存在時可設置默認值
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setdefault(name, default)
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# 若是變量不存在時，爲變量設置默認值
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擴展：自定義函數
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>自定義函數</h1>
{{ wupeiqi() }}
</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate
root = Bottle()
def custom():
return '123123'
@root.route('/hello/')
def index():
# 默認狀況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom)
root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)
注：變量或函數前添加 【 ! 】，則會關閉轉義的功能
3、公共組件
因爲Web框架就是用來【接收用戶請求】-> 【處理用戶請求】-> 【響應相關內容】，對於具體如何處理用戶請求，開發人員根據用戶請求來進行處理，而對於接收用戶請求和相應相關的內容均交給框架自己來處理，其處理完成以後將產出交給開發人員和用戶。
【接收用戶請求】
當框架接收到用戶請求以後，將請求信息封裝在Bottle的request中，以供開發人員使用
【響應相關內容】
當開發人員的代碼處理完用戶請求以後，會將其執行內容相應給用戶，相應的內容會封裝在Bottle的response中，而後再由框架將內容返回給用戶
因此，公共組件本質其實就是爲開發人員提供接口，使其可以獲取用戶信息並配置響應內容。
一、request
Bottle中的request實際上是一個LocalReqeust對象，其中封裝了用戶請求的相關信息：
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request.headers
請求頭信息
request.query
get請求信息
request.forms
post請求信息
request.files
上傳文件信息
request.params
get和post請求信息
request.GET
get請求信息
request.POST
post和上傳信息
request.cookies
cookie信息
request.environ
環境相關相關
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二、response
Bottle中的request實際上是一個LocalResponse對象，其中框架即將返回給用戶的相關信息：
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response
response.status_line
狀態行
response.status_code
狀態碼
response.headers
響應頭
response.charset
編碼
response.set_cookie
在瀏覽器上設置cookie
response.delete_cookie
在瀏覽器上刪除cookie
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實例：
from bottle import route, request
@route('/login')
def login():
return '''
<form action="/login" method="post">
Username: <input name="username" type="text" />
Password: <input name="password" type="password" />
<input value="Login" type="submit" />
</form>
'''
@route('/login', method='POST')
def do_login():
username = request.forms.get('username')
password = request.forms.get('password')
if check_login(username, password):
return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"
else:
return "<p>Login failed.</p>"
<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
Category: <input type="text" name="category" />
Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" />
<input type="submit" value="Start upload" />
</form>
@route('/upload', method='POST')
def do_upload():
category = request.forms.get('category')
upload = request.files.get('upload')
name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename)
if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'):
return 'File extension not allowed.'
save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category)
upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically
return 'OK'
4、服務
對於Bottle框架其自己未實現相似於Tornado本身基於socket實現Web服務，因此必須依賴WSGI，默認Bottle已經實現而且支持的WSGI有：
server_names = {
'cgi': CGIServer,
'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
'waitress': WaitressServer,
'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
'paste': PasteServer,
'fapws3': FapwsServer,
'tornado': TornadoServer,
'gae': AppEngineServer,
'twisted': TwistedServer,
'diesel': DieselServer,
'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
'eventlet': EventletServer,
'gevent': GeventServer,
'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,
'rocket': RocketServer,
'bjoern' : BjoernServer,
'auto': AutoServer,
}
使用時，只需在主app執行run方法時指定參數便可：
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# 默認server ＝'wsgiref'
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
, server
=
'wsgiref'
)
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默認server＝"wsgiref"，即：使用Python內置模塊wsgiref，若是想要使用其餘時，則須要首先安裝相關類庫，而後才能使用。如：
# 若是使用Tornado的服務，則須要首先安裝tornado才能使用
class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
# 導入Tornado相關模塊
import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
PS：以上WSGI中提供了19種，若是想要使期支持其餘服務，則須要擴展Bottle源碼來自定義一個ServerAdapter
更多參見：http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask
Flask是一個基於Python開發而且依賴jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服務的一個微型框架，對於Werkzeug本質是Socket服務端，其用於接收http請求並對請求進行預處理，而後觸發Flask框架，開發人員基於Flask框架提供的功能對請求進行相應的處理，並返回給用戶，若是要返回給用戶複雜的內容時，須要藉助jinja2模板來實現對模板的處理，即：將模板和數據進行渲染，將渲染後的字符串返回給用戶瀏覽器。
「微」(micro) 並不表示你須要把整個 Web 應用塞進單個 Python 文件（雖然確實能夠 ），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的「微」意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心簡單而易於擴展。Flask 不會替你作出太多決策——好比使用何種數據庫。而那些 Flask 所選擇的——好比使用何種模板引擎——則很容易替換。除此以外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 能夠與您珠聯璧合。
默認狀況下，Flask 不包含數據庫抽象層、表單驗證，或是其它任何已有多種庫能夠勝任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用擴展來給應用添加這些功能，如同是 Flask 自己實現的同樣。衆多的擴展提供了數據庫集成、表單驗證、上傳處理、各類各樣的開放認證技術等功能。Flask 也許是「微小」的，但它已準備好在需求繁雜的生產環境中投入使用。
安裝
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pip install Flask
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
@Request.application
def hello(request):
return Response('Hello World!')
if __name__ == '__main__':
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
1、第一次
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from
flask
import
Flask
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
"/"
)
def
hello():
return
"Hello World!"
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.run()
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2、路由系統
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
經常使用路由系統有以上五種，全部的路由系統都是基於一下對應關係來處理：
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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS
=
{
'default'
: UnicodeConverter,
'string'
: UnicodeConverter,
'any'
: AnyConverter,
'path'
: PathConverter,
'int'
: IntegerConverter,
'float'
: FloatConverter,
'uuid'
: UUIDConverter,
}
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注：對於Flask默認不支持直接寫正則表達式的路由，不過能夠經過自定義來實現，見：https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
3、模板
一、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，因此其語法和Django無差異
二、自定義模板方法
Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle類似，建立一個函數並經過參數的形式傳入render_template，如：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>自定義函數</h1>
{{ww()|safe}}
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask,render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
def
wupeiqi():
return
'<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
render_template(
'login.html'
, ww
=
wupeiqi)
app.run()
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4、公共組件
一、請求
對於Http請求，Flask會講請求信息封裝在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest)，提供的以下經常使用方法和字段以供使用：
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request.method
request.args
request.form
request.values
request.files
request.cookies
request.headers
request.path
request.full_path
request.script_root
request.url
request.base_url
request.url_root
request.host_url
request.host
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@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
def login():
error = None
if request.method == 'POST':
if valid_login(request.form['username'],
request.form['password']):
return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])
else:
error = 'Invalid username/password'
# the code below is executed if the request method
# was GET or the credentials were invalid
return render_template('login.html', error=error)
from flask import request
from werkzeug import secure_filename
@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def upload_file():
if request.method == 'POST':
f = request.files['the_file']
f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
...
from flask import request
@app.route('/setcookie/')
def index():
username = request.cookies.get('username')
# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a
# KeyError if the cookie is missing.
from flask import make_response
@app.route('/getcookie')
def index():
resp = make_response(render_template(...))
resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username')
return resp
二、響應
當用戶請求被開發人員的邏輯處理完成以後，會將結果發送給用戶瀏覽器，那麼就須要對請求作出相應的響應。
a.字符串
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@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"index"
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b.模板引擎
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from
flask
import
Flask,render_template,request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
render_template(
"index.html"
)
app.run()
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c.重定向
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask, redirect, url_for
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
# return redirect('/login/')
return
redirect(url_for(
'login'
))
@app
.route(
'/login/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
"LOGIN"
app.run()
|
d.錯誤頁面
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():
abort(404, 'Nothing')
app.run()
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"OK"
@app
.errorhandler(
404
)
def
page_not_found(error):
return
render_template(
'page_not_found.html'
),
404
app.run()
|
e.設置相應信息
使用make_response能夠對相應的內容進行操做
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
response
=
make_response(render_template(
'index.html'
))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response類型
# response.delete_cookie
# response.set_cookie
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
return
response
app.run()
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三、Session
除請求對象以外，還有一個 session 對象。它容許你在不一樣請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎上實現的，而且對 Cookies 進行密鑰簽名要使用會話，你須要設置一個密鑰。
-
設置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
- 刪除：session.pop('username', None)
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from
flask
import
Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index():
if
'username'
in
session:
return
'Logged in as %s'
%
escape(session[
'username'
])
return
'You are not logged in'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
if
request.method
=
=
'POST'
:
session[
'username'
]
=
request.form[
'username'
]
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
return
'''
<form action="" method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username>
<p><input type=submit value=Login>
</form>
'''
@app
.route(
'/logout'
)
def
logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop(
'username'
,
None
)
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:
app.secret_key
=
'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
|
Flask還有衆多其餘功能，更多參見：
http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
http://flask.pocoo.org/
Tornado
Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可擴展的非阻塞式 web 服務器及其相關工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不過爲了能有效利用非阻塞式服務器環境，這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關的有用工具 和優化。
Tornado 和如今的主流 Web 服務器框架（包括大多數 Python 的框架）有着明顯的區別：它是非阻塞式服務器，並且速度至關快。得利於其 非阻塞的方式和對 epoll 的運用，Tornado 每秒能夠處理數以千計的鏈接，這意味着對於實時 Web 服務來講，Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。咱們開發這個 Web 服務器的主要目的就是爲了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應用裏每個活動用戶都會保持着一個服務器鏈接。（關於如何擴容 服務器，以處理數以千計的客戶端的鏈接的問題，請參閱 C10K problem。）
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pip install tornado
源碼安裝
https:
/
/
pypi.python.org
/
packages
/
source
/
t
/
tornado
/
tornado
-
4.3
.tar.gz
|
1、快速上手
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"Hello, world"
)
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
])
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
第一步：執行腳本，監聽 8888 端口
第二步：瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:8888/index
第三步：服務器接受請求，並交由對應的類處理該請求
第四步：類接受到請求以後，根據請求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不一樣調用並執行相應的方法
第五步：方法返回值的字符串內容發送瀏覽器
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado import httpclient
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado import gen
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
@asynchronous
@gen.coroutine
def get(self):
print 'start get '
http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)
self.write('end')
def callback(self, response):
print response.body
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'ui_methods': mt,
'ui_modules': md,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
2、路由系統
路由系統其實就是 url 和 類 的對應關係，這裏不一樣於其餘框架，其餘不少框架均是 url 對應 函數，Tornado中每一個url對應的是一個類。
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"Hello, world"
)
class
StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
, story_id):
self
.write(
"You requested the story "
+
story_id)
class
BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.write(
"buy.wupeiqi.com/index"
)
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
(r
"/story/([0-9]+)"
, StoryHandler),
])
application.add_handlers(
'buy.wupeiqi.com$'
, [
(r
'/index'
,BuyHandler),
])
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
80
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
3、模板
Tornao中的模板語言和django中相似，模板引擎將模板文件載入內存，而後將數據嵌入其中，最終獲取到一個完整的字符串，再將字符串返回給請求者。
Tornado 的模板支持「控制語句」和「表達語句」，控制語句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起來的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表達語句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起來的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。
控制語句和對應的 Python 語句的格式基本徹底相同。咱們支持 if、for、while 和 try，這些語句邏輯結束的位置須要用 {% end %} 作標記。還經過 extends 和 block 語句實現了模板繼承。這些在 template 模塊 的代碼文檔中有着詳細的描述。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
<title>老男孩</title>
<link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% block CSS %}{% end %}
</head>
<body>
<div class="pg-header">
</div>
{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}
<script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>
{% block JavaScript %}{% end %}
</body>
</html>
{% extends 'layout.html'%}
{% block CSS %}
<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
{% end %}
{% block RenderBody %}
<h1>Index</h1>
<ul>
{% for item in li %}
<li>{{item}}</li>
{% end %}
</ul>
{% end %}
{% block JavaScript %}
{% end %}
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'home/index.html'
)
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
80
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
在模板中默認提供了一些函數、字段、類以供模板使用：
escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名xhtml_escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名url_escape:tornado.escape.url_escape的別名json_encode:tornado.escape.json_encode的別名squeeze:tornado.escape.squeeze的別名linkify:tornado.escape.linkify的別名datetime: Python 的datetime模組handler: 當前的RequestHandler對象request:handler.request的別名current_user:handler.current_user的別名locale:handler.locale的別名_:handler.locale.translate的別名static_url: forhandler.static_url的別名xsrf_form_html:handler.xsrf_form_html的別名
Tornado默認提供的這些功能其實本質上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，咱們也能夠自定義從而實現相似於Django的simple_tag的功能：
一、定義
# uimethods.py
def tab(self):
return 'UIMethod'
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from tornado.web import UIModule
from tornado import escape
class custom(UIModule):
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
#return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')
二、註冊
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
from tornado.escape import linkify
import uimodules as md
import uimethods as mt
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('index.html')
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'ui_methods': mt,
'ui_modules': md,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8009)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
三、使用
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
{% module custom(123) %}
{{ tab() }}
</body>
4、實用功能
一、靜態文件
對於靜態文件，能夠配置靜態文件的目錄和前段使用時的前綴，而且Tornaodo還支持靜態文件緩存。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('home/index.html')
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(80)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
</body>
</html>
備註：靜態文件緩存的實現
def get_content_version(cls, abspath):
"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.
This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The
default implementation is a hash of the file's contents.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
data = cls.get_content(abspath)
hasher = hashlib.md5()
if isinstance(data, bytes):
hasher.update(data)
else:
for chunk in data:
hasher.update(chunk)
return hasher.hexdigest()
二、csrf
Tornado中的誇張請求僞造和Django中的類似，跨站僞造請求(Cross-site request forgery)
settings = {
"xsrf_cookies": True,
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
<form action="/new_message" method="post">
{{ xsrf_form_html() }}
<input type="text" name="message"/>
<input type="submit" value="Post"/>
</form>
function getCookie(name) {
var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");
return r ? r[1] : undefined;
}
jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {
args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");
$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",
success: function(response) {
callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));
}});
};
注：Ajax使用時，本質上就是去獲取本地的cookie，攜帶cookie再來發送請求
三、cookie
Tornado中能夠對cookie進行操做，而且還能夠對cookie進行簽名以放置僞造。
a、基本操做
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!")
b、簽名
Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端僞造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存當前登錄用戶的 id 之類的信息，你須要對 cookie 做簽名以防止僞造。Tornado 經過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了這種功能。 要使用這些方法，你須要在建立應用時提供一個密鑰，名字爲 cookie_secret。 你能夠把它做爲一個關鍵詞參數傳入應用的設置中：
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):
self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")
self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")
else:
self.write("Your cookie was set!")
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)
for part in parts:
hash.update(utf8(part))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):
hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
hash.update(utf8(s))
return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,
key_version=None):
if version is None:
version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION
if clock is None:
clock = time.time
timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))
value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))
if version == 1:
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)
value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])
return value
elif version == 2:
# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of
# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a
# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in
# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an
# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including
# the final pipe.
#
# The fields are:
# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)
# - key version (integer, default is 0)
# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)
# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)
# - value (base64-encoded)
# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)
def format_field(s):
return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)
to_sign = b"|".join([
b"2",
format_field(str(key_version or 0)),
format_field(timestamp),
format_field(name),
format_field(value),
b''])
if isinstance(secret, dict):
assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'
assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'
secret = secret[key_version]
signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)
return to_sign + signature
else:
raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")
if len(parts) != 3:
return None
signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])
if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):
gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)
return None
timestamp = int(parts[1])
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)
return None
if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:
# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the
# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing
# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the
# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp
# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.
gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",
value)
return None
if parts[1].startswith(b"0"):
gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(parts[0])
except Exception:
return None
def _decode_fields_v2(value):
def _consume_field(s):
length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')
n = int(length)
field_value = rest[:n]
# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must
# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.
if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':
raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")
rest = rest[n + 1:]
return field_value, rest
rest = value[2:] # remove version number
key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)
timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)
name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)
value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)
return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig
def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):
try:
key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]
if isinstance(secret, dict):
try:
secret = secret[key_version]
except KeyError:
return None
expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)
if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):
return None
if name_field != utf8(name):
return None
timestamp = int(timestamp)
if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:
# The signature has expired.
return None
try:
return base64.b64decode(value_field)
except Exception:
return None
def get_signature_key_version(value):
value = utf8(value)
version = _get_version(value)
if version < 2:
return None
try:
key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)
except ValueError:
return None
return key_version
簽名Cookie的本質是：
寫cookie過程：
- 將值進行base64加密
- 對除值之外的內容進行簽名，哈希算法（沒法逆向解析）
- 拼接 簽名 + 加密值
讀cookie過程：
- 讀取 簽名 + 加密值
- 對簽名進行驗證
- base64解密，獲取值內容
注：許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現機制相同。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)
if login_user:
self.write(login_user)
else:
self.redirect('/login')
class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.current_user()
self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
username = self.get_argument('name')
password = self.get_argument('pwd')
if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':
self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')
self.redirect('/')
else:
self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
(r"/login", LoginHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
Demo-Toando內部提供基於cookie進行用戶驗證
四、Ajax上傳文件
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<input type="file" id="img" />
<input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" />
<script>
function UploadFile(){
var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);
var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open("post", '/index', true);
xhr.send(form);
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('index.html')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]
# print(file_metas)
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta['filename']
with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
up.write(meta['body'])
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8000)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0];
var form = new FormData();
form.append("k1", "v1");
form.append("fff", fileObj);
$.ajax({
type:'POST',
url: '/index',
data: form,
processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the data
contentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentType
success: function(arg){
console.log(arg);
}
})
5、擴展功能
一、自定義Session
a.知識儲備
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
class
Foo(
object
):
def
__getitem__(
self
, key):
print
'__getitem__'
,key
def
__setitem__(
self
, key, value):
print
'__setitem__'
,key,value
def
__delitem__(
self
, key):
print
'__delitem__'
,key
obj
=
Foo()
result
=
obj[
'k1'
]
#obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi'
#del obj['k1']
|
b.session實現機制
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
from
hashlib
import
sha1
import
os, time
session_container
=
{}
create_session_id
=
lambda
: sha1(
'%s%s'
%
(os.urandom(
16
), time.time())).hexdigest()
class
Session(
object
):
session_id
=
"__sessionId__"
def
__init__(
self
, request):
session_value
=
request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
if
not
session_value:
self
._id
=
create_session_id()
else
:
self
._id
=
session_value
request.set_cookie(Session.session_id,
self
._id)
def
__getitem__(
self
, key):
return
session_container[
self
._id][key]
def
__setitem__(
self
, key, value):
if
session_container.has_key(
self
._id):
session_container[
self
._id][key]
=
value
else
:
session_container[
self
._id]
=
{key: value}
def
__delitem__(
self
, key):
del
session_container[
self
._id][key]
class
BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
initialize(
self
):
# my_session['k1']訪問 __getitem__ 方法
self
.my_session
=
Session(
self
)
class
MainHandler(BaseHandler):
def
get(
self
):
print
self
.my_session[
'c_user'
]
print
self
.my_session[
'c_card'
]
self
.write(
'index'
)
class
LoginHandler(BaseHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'login.html'
,
*
*
{
'status'
: ''})
def
post(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
username
=
self
.get_argument(
'name'
)
password
=
self
.get_argument(
'pwd'
)
if
username
=
=
'wupeiqi'
and
password
=
=
'123'
:
self
.my_session[
'c_user'
]
=
'wupeiqi'
self
.my_session[
'c_card'
]
=
'12312312309823012'
self
.redirect(
'/index'
)
else
:
self
.render(
'login.html'
,
*
*
{
'status'
:
'用戶名或密碼錯誤'
})
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
'static_path'
:
'static'
,
'static_url_prefix'
:
'/static/'
,
'cookie_secret'
:
'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
,
'login_url'
:
'/login'
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
(r
"/login"
, LoginHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
c. Session框架
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import sys
import math
from bisect import bisect
if sys.version_info >= (2, 5):
import hashlib
md5_constructor = hashlib.md5
else:
import md5
md5_constructor = md5.new
class HashRing(object):
"""一致性哈希"""
def __init__(self,nodes):
'''初始化
nodes : 初始化的節點，其中包含節點已經節點對應的權重
默認每個節點有32個虛擬節點
對於權重，經過多建立虛擬節點來實現
如：nodes = [
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
]
'''
self.ring = dict()
self._sorted_keys = []
self.total_weight = 0
self.__generate_circle(nodes)
def __generate_circle(self,nodes):
for node_info in nodes:
self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1)
for node_info in nodes:
weight = node_info.get('weight',1)
node = node_info.get('host',None)
virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)
for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )
if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
raise Exception('該節點已經存在.')
self.ring[key] = node
self._sorted_keys.append(key)
def add_node(self,node):
''' 新建節點
node : 要添加的節點，格式爲：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一個元素表示節點，第二個元素表示該節點的權重。
'''
node = node.get('host',None)
if not node:
raise Exception('節點的地址不能爲空.')
weight = node.get('weight',1)
self.total_weight += weight
nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1
virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)
for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )
if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):
raise Exception('該節點已經存在.')
self.ring[key] = node
self._sorted_keys.append(key)
def remove_node(self,node):
''' 移除節點
node : 要移除的節點 '127.0.0.1:8000'
'''
for key,value in self.ring.items():
if value == node:
del self.ring[key]
self._sorted_keys.remove(key)
def get_node(self,string_key):
'''獲取 string_key 所在的節點'''
pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)
if pos is None:
return None
return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':')
def get_node_pos(self,string_key):
'''獲取 string_key 所在的節點的索引'''
if not self.ring:
return None
key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)
nodes = self._sorted_keys
pos = bisect(nodes, key)
return pos
def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):
m = md5_constructor()
m.update(key)
return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)
def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):
b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)
return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)
def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):
return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )
def __hash_digest(self, key):
m = md5_constructor()
m.update(key)
return map(ord, m.digest())
"""
nodes = [
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},
{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},
]
ring = HashRing(nodes)
result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087')
print result
"""
from hashlib import sha1
import os, time
create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()
class Session(object):
session_id = "__sessionId__"
def __init__(self, request):
session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)
if not session_value:
self._id = create_session_id()
else:
self._id = session_value
request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)
def __getitem__(self, key):
# 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP
# 找到相對應的redis服務器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
# 使用python redis api 連接
# 獲取數據，即：
# return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
# 根據 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應的服務器IP
# 使用python redis api 連接
# 設置session
# self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)
def __delitem__(self, key):
# 根據 self._id 找到相對應的redis服務器
# 使用python redis api 連接
# 刪除，即：
return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
二、自定義模型版定
模型綁定有兩個主要功能：
- 自動生成html表單
- 用戶輸入驗證
在以前學習的Django中爲程序員提供了很是便捷的模型綁定功能，可是在Tornado中，一切須要本身動手！！！
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
<link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
<form action="/index" method="post">
<p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p>
<p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p>
<p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p>
<p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import
tornado.ioloop
import
tornado.web
from
hashlib
import
sha1
import
os, time
import
re
class
MainForm(
object
):
def
__init__(
self
):
self
.host
=
"(.*)"
self
.ip
=
"^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
self
.port
=
'(\d+)'
self
.phone
=
'^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'
def
check_valid(
self
, request):
form_dict
=
self
.__dict__
for
key, regular
in
form_dict.items():
post_value
=
request.get_argument(key)
# 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配
ret
=
re.match(regular, post_value)
print
key,ret,post_value
class
MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def
get(
self
):
self
.render(
'index.html'
)
def
post(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
obj
=
MainForm()
result
=
obj.check_valid(
self
)
self
.write(
'ok'
)
settings
=
{
'template_path'
:
'template'
,
'static_path'
:
'static'
,
'static_url_prefix'
:
'/static/'
,
'cookie_secret'
:
'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh'
,
'login_url'
:
'/login'
}
application
=
tornado.web.Application([
(r
"/index"
, MainHandler),
],
*
*
settings)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
application.listen(
8888
)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
|
因爲請求的驗證時，須要考慮是否能夠爲空以及正則表達式的複用，因此：
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
import re
class Field(object):
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):
self.id_valid = False
self.value = None
self.error = None
self.name = None
self.error_msg = error_msg_dict
self.required = required
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['required']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)
if ret:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = ret.group()
else:
if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
class IPField(Field):
REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能爲空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
class IntegerField(Field):
REGULAR = "^\d+$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {'required': '數字不能爲空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
class CheckBoxField(Field):
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能爲空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['required']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
if isinstance(name, list):
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
class FileField(Field):
REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$"
def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):
error_msg = {} # {'required': '數字不能爲空', 'valid': '數字格式錯誤'}
if error_msg_dict:
error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)
super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)
def match(self, name, value):
self.name = name
self.value = []
if not self.required:
self.id_valid = True
self.value = value
else:
if not value:
if self.error_msg.get('required', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['required']
else:
self.error = "%s is required" % name
else:
m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)
if isinstance(value, list):
for file_name in value:
r = m.match(file_name)
if r:
self.value.append(r.group())
self.id_valid = True
else:
self.id_valid = False
if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
break
else:
if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):
self.error = self.error_msg['valid']
else:
self.error = "%s is invalid" % name
def save(self, request, upload_path=""):
file_metas = request.files[self.name]
for meta in file_metas:
file_name = meta['filename']
with open(file_name,'wb') as up:
up.write(meta['body'])
class Form(object):
def __init__(self):
self.value_dict = {}
self.error_dict = {}
self.valid_status = True
def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):
self.initialize()
self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)
def initialize(self):
pass
def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):
"""
驗證用戶表單請求的數據
:param form_obj: Form對象（Form派生類的對象）
:param request: Http請求上下文（用於從請求中獲取用戶提交的值）
:param depth: 對Form內容的深度的支持
:param pre_key: Html中name屬性值的前綴（多層Form時，內部遞歸時設置，無需理會）
:return: 是否驗證經過，True：驗證成功；False：驗證失敗
"""
depth -= 1
if depth < 0:
return None
form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__
for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():
print key,field_obj
if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):
if isinstance(field_obj, Form):
# 獲取以key開頭的全部的值，以參數的形式傳至
self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)
continue
if pre_key:
key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)
if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):
post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)
elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):
post_value = []
file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)
for file_item in file_list:
post_value.append(file_item['filename'])
else:
post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)
print post_value
# 讓提交的數據 和 定義的正則表達式進行匹配
field_obj.match(key, post_value)
if field_obj.id_valid:
self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value
else:
self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error
self.valid_status = False
class ListForm(object):
def __init__(self, form_type):
self.form_type = form_type
self.valid_status = True
self.value_dict = {}
self.error_dict = {}
def validate(self, request):
name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()
index = 0
flag = False
while True:
pre_key = "[%d]" % index
for name in name_list:
if name.startswith(pre_key):
flag = True
break
if flag:
form_obj = self.form_type()
form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)
if form_obj.valid_status:
self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict
else:
self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict
self.valid_status = False
else:
break
index += 1
flag = False
class MainForm(Form):
def __init__(self):
# self.ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.port = IntegerField(required=True)
# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.second = SecondForm()
self.fff = FileField(required=True)
super(MainForm, self).__init__()
#
# class SecondForm(Form):
#
# def __init__(self):
# self.ip = IPField(required=True)
# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)
#
# super(SecondForm, self).__init__()
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.render('index.html')
def post(self, *args, **kwargs):
# for i in dir(self.request):
# print i
# print self.request.arguments
# print self.request.files
# print self.request.query
# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
# print name_list
# list_form = ListForm(MainForm)
# list_form.validate(self)
#
# print list_form.valid_status
# print list_form.value_dict
# print list_form.error_dict
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
#
# print "驗證結果：", obj.valid_status
# print "符合驗證結果：", obj.value_dict
# print "錯誤信息:"
# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():
# print key,item
# print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))
# print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))
# print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')
# print self.request.files
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
# print obj.valid_status
# print obj.value_dict
# print obj.error_dict
# print self.request,type(self.request)
# obj.fff.save(self.request)
# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest
# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()
# print name_list
# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)
# print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))
# obj = MainForm()
# obj.validate(self)
# print obj.valid_status
# print obj.value_dict
# print obj.error_dict
# obj.fff.save(self.request)
self.write('ok')
settings = {
'template_path': 'template',
'static_path': 'static',
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',
'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh',
'login_url': '/login'
}
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/index", MainHandler),
], **settings)
if __name__ == "__main__":
application.listen(8888)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
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