本篇對於Python操做MySQL主要使用兩種方式:html
pymsql是Python中操做MySQL的模塊,其使用方法和MySQLdb幾乎相同。python
下載安裝mysql
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pip3 install pymysql
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使用操做sql
一、執行SQL數據庫
二、獲取新建立數據自增ID編程
三、獲取查詢數據session
注:在fetch數據時按照順序進行,可使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)來移動遊標位置,如:oracle
四、fetch數據類型框架
關於默認獲取的數據是元祖類型,若是想要或者字典類型的數據,即:編程語言
做業:
參考表結構:
用戶類型
用戶信息
權限
用戶類型&權限
功能:
# 登錄、註冊、找回密碼
# 用戶管理
# 用戶類型
# 權限管理
# 分配權限
特別的:程序僅一個可執行文件
練習題
SQLAlchemy是Python編程語言下的一款ORM框架,該框架創建在數據庫API之上,使用關係對象映射進行數據庫操做,簡言之即是:將對象轉換成SQL,而後使用數據API執行SQL並獲取執行結果。
安裝:
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pip3 install SQLAlchemy
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SQLAlchemy自己沒法操做數據庫,其必須以來pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用於和數據API進行交流,根據配置文件的不一樣調用不一樣的數據庫API,從而實現對數據庫的操做,如:
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MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<
password
>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<
user
>:<
password
>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://
user
:pass@host:port/dbname[?
key
=value&
key
=value...]
更多詳見:http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/
index
.html
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1、內部處理
使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 進行數據庫操做,Engine使用ConnectionPooling鏈接數據庫,而後再經過Dialect執行SQL語句。
2、ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 全部組件對數據進行操做。根據類建立對象,對象轉換成SQL,執行SQL。
一、建立表
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from
sqlalchemy import
Column
,
Integer
, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint,
Index
from
sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from
sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1"
, max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 建立單表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ =
'users'
id =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
)
name
=
Column
(String(32))
extra =
Column
(String(16))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint(
'id'
,
'name'
,
name
=
'uix_id_name'
),
Index
(
'ix_id_name'
,
'name'
,
'extra'
),
)
# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ =
'favor'
nid =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
)
caption =
Column
(String(50),
default
=
'red'
,
unique
=
True
)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ =
'person'
nid =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
)
name
=
Column
(String(32),
index
=
True
, nullable=
True
)
favor_id =
Column
(
Integer
, ForeignKey(
"favor.nid"
))
# 多對多
class
Group
(Base):
__tablename__ =
'group'
id =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
)
name
=
Column
(String(64),
unique
=
True
, nullable=
False
)
port =
Column
(
Integer
,
default
=22)
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ =
'server'
id =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
, autoincrement=
True
)
hostname =
Column
(String(64),
unique
=
True
, nullable=
False
)
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ =
'servertogroup'
nid =
Column
(
Integer
, primary_key=
True
, autoincrement=
True
)
server_id =
Column
(
Integer
, ForeignKey(
'server.id'
))
group_id =
Column
(
Integer
, ForeignKey(
'group.id'
))
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
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注:設置外檢的另外一種方式 ForeignKeyConstraint(['other_id'], ['othertable.other_id'])
二、操做表
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5)
Base = declarative_base()
# 建立單表
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32))
extra = Column(String(16))
__table_args__ = (
UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)
# 一對多
class Favor(Base):
__tablename__ = 'favor'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='red', unique=True)
def __repr__(self):
return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption)
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid"))
# 與生成表結構無關,僅用於查詢方便
favor = relationship("Favor", backref='pers')
# 多對多
class ServerToGroup(Base):
__tablename__ = 'servertogroup'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
group = relationship("Group", backref='s2g')
server = relationship("Server", backref='s2g')
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
port = Column(Integer, default=22)
# group = relationship('Group',secondary=ServerToGroup,backref='host_list')
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
表結構 + 數據庫鏈接
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb')
session.add(obj)
session.add_all([
Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'),
Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'),
])
session.commit()
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra='sb') session.add(obj) session.add_all([ Users(name="alex1", extra='sb'), Users(name="alex2", extra='sb'), ]) session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete() session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete() session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") session.commit()
ret = session.query(Users).all()
ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(User.id).all()
ret = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
# 條件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()
# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]
# 排序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
# 分組
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
# 連表
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
# 組合
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()