字符集是一套符號和編碼的規則,不管是在oracle數據庫仍是在mysql數據庫,都存在字符集的選擇問題,並且若是在數據庫建立階段沒有正確選擇字符集,那麼可能在後期須要更換字符集,而字符集的更換是代價比較高的操做,也存在必定的風險,因此,咱們推薦在應用開始階段,就按照需求正確的選擇合適的字符集,避免後期沒必要要的調整。node
一、安裝MySQL數據庫mysql
二、亂碼演示sql
mysql> show variables like 'character_set%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test.table10 values (1,'雲中鶴');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test.table10;
+------+-----------+
| id | names |
+------+-----------+
| 1 | 雲中鶴 |
+------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set names latin1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test.table10;
+------+-------+
| id | names |
+------+-------+
| 1 | ??? |
+------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like 'character_set%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 #客戶端來源數據使用的字符集
| character_set_connection | latin1 # 鏈接層字符集
| character_set_database | utf8 #當前選中數據庫的默認字符集
| character_set_filesystem | binary
| character_set_results | latin1 #查詢結果字符集 |
| character_set_server | utf8 #默認的內部操做字符集 |
| character_set_system | utf8 #系統元數據(字段名等)字符集
| character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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從上面能夠看出,set names latin1;改變了三個參數.. 只要作到客戶端,MySQL character-set-client,table charset三個字符集徹底一致就能夠保證必定不會有亂碼出現。數據庫
方式:vim
一、在mysql命令行模式下執行set names xxx;bash
mysql> set names utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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二、登陸mysql的時候指定默認字符集服務器
[root@node1 ~]# mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock4 --defaults-character-set=utf8 #-S 指定多實例mysql的套接字文件,
使用--defaults-character-set 指定默認字符集。
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三、 修改/etc/sysconfig/i18n 文件,在my.cnf不指定默認字符集的狀況下。網絡
vim /etc/sysconfig/i18n
LANG='zh_CN.UTF-8' #若是my.cnf不指定,默認使用系統字符集
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四、 修改my.cnf 文件,下面兩個字段在任意一個字段都是能夠的。oracle
[client]
default-character-set=latin1
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[mysql]
default-character-set=latin1
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前兩種1,2是臨時解決方案,後面兩種3,4是永久有效的方案性能
一、查看系統當前字符集設置,修改以後登錄mysql執行。show variables lile 'character_set%';
mysql> show variables like 'character_set%';#我修改的爲utf8,因此客戶端的三個參數都是utf8.你能夠自行設置字符集。
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql/share/charsets/ |
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二、mysql經常使用字符集。執行命令show character set; 查看系統支持字符集。
mysql> show character set;
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | #經常使用
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | #經常使用
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |#經常使用
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 | #經常使用
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
39 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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一、若是處理各類各樣的文字,發佈到不一樣語言國家地區,選擇Unicode。,對mysql對號utf-8。
二、只需中文,數據量很大,性能要求也高,選擇gbk.。
三、處理移動物聯網業務,選utf8mb4
建議在可以徹底知足應用的前提下,儘可能使用小的字符集。由於更小的字符集意味着可以節省空間、減小網絡傳輸字節數,同時因爲存儲空間的較小間接的提升了系統的性能。
服務器字符集設置
[mysqld]
...
character-set-server=utf8 #添加這條語句,可設置服務器端字符集。
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mysql服務端從新啓動後,這兩個參數會改變爲設定值。
| character_set_server | utf8
| character_set_database | utf8
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alter database dbname character set xxx; #只能對之後的數據有效,對以前的數據無效。基本不使用
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mysqldump -S /tmp/mysql.sock4 --default-character-set=utf8 -d test > /data/test-`date +%F`.sql #一、導出表結構而不導出數據
vim /data/test-`date +%F`.sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `table10`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `table10` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`names` char(20) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; #二、這裏的CHARSET改成你想要修改的字符集
mysqldump -S /tmp/mysql.sock4 --extended-insert --no-create-info test > /data/test-data-`date +%F`.sql #三、導出數據內容
vim /data/test-data-`date +%F`.sql
LOCK TABLES `table10` WRITE;
set names utf8; #四、這一行是多加的,本身指定想要轉換的字符集
INSERT INTO `table10` VALUES (1,'雲中鶴');
UNLOCK TABLES;
mysql> create database if not exists test; #五、建立數據庫,存儲轉換後的數據
Query OK, 1 row affected, 0 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock4 test < /data/test-`date +%F`.sql #六、導入表結構
mysql -S /tmp/mysql.sock4 test < /data/test-data-2015-09-25.sql #七、導入表數據
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這是在15年的時候,本身學習MySQL的筆記,今天再拿出來分享下