目錄python
__hash__. 6ssh
__bool__. 10ide
魔術方法:oop
爲編程提供便利,可大大提升編程效率;ui
pythonic;spa
特殊屬性:設計
__name__,類、函數、方法等的名字,實例沒有此屬性;
__module__,類定義所在的模塊名;
__class__,對象或類所屬的類,如對象的類的類self.__class__.__class__;
__bases__,類的基類的元組,順序爲它們在基類列表中出現的順序,不是mro;
__doc__,類、函數的文檔字符串,如沒定義爲None;
__mro__,類的mro,class.mro()返回的結果保存在__mro__中,method resolution order,找鏈,mixin;
single linkedlist中的__getitem__,僅用於容器,提供一種方便的接口,如索引或其它方式來用;
函數中的屬性,foo.__defaults__,用元組保存位置參數默認值;
函數中的屬性,foo.__kwdefaults__,用元組保存關鍵字參數默認值;
建立與銷燬:__init__、__del__;
hash;
bool;
__repr__、__str__,可視化;
__add__,運算符重載;
單(雙)向鏈表中的[]、__getitem__、__sizeof__,容器和大小;
可調用對象,decorator、類裝飾器;
上下文管理,with...as...;
反射(自省);
描述器;
其它雜項;
查看屬性,返回類或對象的全部成員名稱列表;
dir()函數就是調用__dir__(),若是提供__dir__(),則返回屬性的列表,不然會盡可能從__dict__屬性中收集信息;
若是dir(obj),參數obj中包含方法__dir__(),該方法將被調用,若是參數obj不包含__dir__(),該方法將最大限度的收集參數信息;
dir(),對於不一樣類型的對象有不一樣的行爲:
若是對象是類型或類對象,列表包含類的屬性名、及它的基類的屬性名;
不然,列表包含對象的屬性名、它的類的屬性名、類的基類的屬性名;(向上逐級找)
例:
In [8]: dir() #蒐集當前模塊
Out[8]:
['In',
'Out',
'_',
'_1',
'_2',
'_3',
'_4',
'_5',
'_7',
'__',
'___',
'__builtin__',
'__builtins__',
'__doc__',
'__loader__',
'__name__',
……
例:
class A:
def __init__(self,name=18):
self.name = name
class B(A):
def __dir__(self): #實例的,類中的方法要看第1個參數,是self就是實例的
return ['abcdefg'] #必須返回列表,若寫爲return 'abcd'則返回['a','b','c','d']
b = B()
print(sorted(dir(b)))
print(sorted(dir(B)))
print(sorted(b.__dict__))
print(sorted(B.__dict__))
print(dir()) #pycharm中的dir(),__builtins__內置函數等,若是對象是模塊對象,列表包含模塊的屬性名;
輸出:
['abcdefg']
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
['name']
['__dir__', '__doc__', '__module__']
['A', 'B', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'b']
例:
#example_class_magicmethod2.py
class Animal:
X = 123
def __init__(self,name):
self._name = name
self.__age = 10
self.weight = 20
print("animal module's name = {}".format(dir())) #若是對象是模塊對象,列表包含模塊的屬性名;
輸出:
animal module's name = ['Animal', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']
# example_class_magicmethod3.py
from example_class_magicmethod2 import Animal
import example_class_magicmethod2
class Cat(Animal):
X = 'cat'
Y = 'abcd'
class Dog(Animal):
def __dir__(self):
return ['dog']
print("current module's name = {}".format(dir())) #模塊名詞空間內的屬性
print("example_class_magicmethod2 module's name = {}".format(dir(example_class_magicmethod2))) #指定模塊名詞空間內的屬性
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print("object's __dict__ = {}".format(object.__dict__.keys())) #祖先類object的字典
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print("Animal class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Animal))) #類Animal的dir()
print("Cat class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Cat))) #類Cat的dir()
print("Dog class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Dog)))
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
tom = Cat('tom')
print("Cat instance's dir() = {}".format(sorted(dir(tom)))) #實例的dir(),包括tom實例的屬性、Cat類屬性、祖先類object屬性,sorted返回dict的key組成的列表
print("Cat instance's __dir__ = {}".format(sorted(tom.__dir__()))) #同上
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print(sorted(set(tom.__dict__.keys()) | set(Cat.__dict__.keys()) | set(object.__dict__.keys()))) #實例的dir()近似等價於該行的__dict__全部(實例的、所屬類的、祖先類的全部屬性)屬性;通常僅用__dict__就夠了,是本身設計的,dir(tom)能查到全部;
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print("Dog class's dir() = {}".format(dir(Dog)))
dog = Dog('snoopy')
print("Dog instance's dir() = {}".format(dir(dog)))
print("Dog instance's __dict__ = {}".format(dog.__dict__))
輸出:
current module's name = ['Animal', 'Cat', 'Dog', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'example_class_magicmethod2']
example_class_magicmethod2 module's name = ['Animal', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
object's __dict__ = dict_keys(['__repr__', '__hash__', '__str__', '__getattribute__', '__setattr__', '__delattr__', '__lt__', '__le__', '__eq__', '__ne__', '__gt__', '__ge__', '__init__', '__new__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__', '__subclasshook__', '__init_subclass__', '__format__', '__sizeof__', '__dir__', '__class__', '__doc__'])
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Animal class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
Cat class's dir() = ['X', 'Y', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
Dog class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Cat instance's dir() = ['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_name', 'weight']
Cat instance's __dir__ = ['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_name', 'weight']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
['X', 'Y', '_Animal__age', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_name', 'weight']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dog class's dir() = ['X', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
Dog instance's dir() = ['dog']
Dog instance's __dict__ = {'_name': 'snoopy', '_Animal__age': 10, 'weight': 20}
例:
class A:
def __init__(self,name=18):
self.name = name
class B(A):
def __dir__(self):
return ['abcdefg']
b = B()
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print(sorted(dir(b)))
print(sorted(dir(B))) #與dir(A)相等
print(sorted(dir(A)))
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print(sorted(b.__dict__))
print(sorted(A.__dict__))
print(sorted(B.__dict__))
print('~~~~~~~~~~~~~')
print(dir())
print(b.__dict__)
輸出:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
['abcdefg']
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
['name']
['__dict__', '__doc__', '__init__', '__module__', '__weakref__']
['__dir__', '__doc__', '__module__']
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
['A', 'B', '__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'b']
{'name': 18}
list源碼中的;
@staticmethod # known case of __new__ #不多用
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
Pass
__hash__ = None #技巧,類中不可hashable寫法,不可hash類型就是這樣實現的
__hash__,內建函數hash()調用的返回值,只能返回一個整型(返回一個整數),若是定義這個方法,該類的實例就可hashable;
一切對象都有__hash__,來自object,object默認還實現了__eq__方法;
__eq__,對應==操做符,判斷2個對象是否相等,返回bool值,若返回None則兩個對象相等;
__hash__方法只是返回一個hash值做爲set的key,可是去重還須要__eq__來判斷2個對象是否相等;
哈希,時間複雜度O(1);
hash值相等,只是hash衝突,不能說明2個對象是相等的,所以,通常來講,提供__hash__方法是爲了做爲set或dict的key的,因此去重要同時提供這兩個方法;
類中要兩種同時用,__hash__、__eq__;
可hashable對象必須提供__hash__方法,沒有提供的話,isinstance(p1,collections.Hashable)必定爲False;
from collections import Hashable
print(Hashable(isinstance(A,Hashable))) #不多用,能否hashable用hash()判斷便可
注:
元組裏有列表則不可hashable;
def __hash__(self),只能返回整型;
一致性hash,hash環,2^32;
def hash(x):
return x % 3 #return x % 3000000,衝突域大,則衝突可能性小
md5,單向散列,不可逆;
hash,通常在緩存中用,時間複雜度O(1);
緩衝,大壩,匹配生產者和消費者速度;
n個實例獲得的hash值同樣,hash衝突,dict要解決問題,解決辦法:拉鍊法、開地址法;
__eq__,==,def __eq__(self,other): return None,則兩個對象等效(相等);
例:
In [1]: o = [1,2,3]
In [2]: hash(o) #至關於o.__hash__(),等價於None()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-5823e6f515e9> in <module>()
----> 1 hash(o)
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
In [3]: o.__hash__()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-36e00a5ab94a> in <module>()
----> 1 o.__hash__()
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable
例:
class A:
def __hash__(self):
return 1 #只能返回整型,不然TypeError: __hash__ method should return an integer
print(hash(A()))
輸出:
1
例:
class A:
__hash__ = None #不可hash類型就是這樣實現的
print(hash(A()))
輸出:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/python/magedu/projects/cmdb/example_class_magicmethod1.py", line 28, in <module>
print(hash(A()))
TypeError: unhashable type: 'A'
例:
class A:
def __init__(self,name=18):
self.name = name
def __hash__(self): #可hashable,hash衝突(hash值同樣)
return 1
lst = [A(),A()]
print(lst)
s = set(lst) #set還做了is判斷
print(s)
print(len(s)) #2
for x in s:
print(hash(x))
輸出:
[<__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4b00>]
{<__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7fee3d5f4b00>}
2
1
1
例:
class A:
def __init__(self,name=18):
self.name = name
def __hash__(self): #可hash
return 1
def __eq__(self, other): #去重,兩個是否相等,相等set纔去重;可hash和去重是兩個概念,兩個一塊用
# return False #等價於上例,兩個不相等,len(s)爲2
# return True
return self.name == other.name
a = A(4)
b = A(4)
print(a.__dict__)
print(b.__dict__)
lst = [a,b]
print(lst)
s = set(lst)
print(s)
print(len(s)) #1
for x in s:
print(hash(x))
輸出:
{'name': 4}
{'name': 4}
[<__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca438>, <__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca470>]
{<__main__.A object at 0x7f0a3e3ca438>}
1
1
例:
設計二維座標類Point,比較2個座標是否相等?
from collections import Hashable
class Point:
def __init__(self,x,y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.x,self.y))
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.x == other.x and self.y == other.y
p1 = Point(4,5)
p2 = Point(4,5)
print(hash(p1))
print(hash(p2))
print(p1 is p2) #False
print(p1 == p2) #True
print(set((p1,p2)))
print(isinstance(p2,Hashable)) #True
輸出:
3713084879518070856
3713084879518070856
False
True
{<__main__.Point object at 0x7fd0fc7e6b38>}
True
內建函數bool(),或對象放在邏輯表達式的位置,調用這個函數返回布爾值;
沒有定義__bool__(),就找__len__()返回長度,非0爲真;若是__len__()也沒有定義,那麼全部實例都返回真;
__bool__()和__len__()都沒有,恆爲True;
empty list、empty set、empty tuple、empty dict,四大皆空,集合類型都爲空,等效於False;
__bool__,調全部對象,逐級向上找,object中有__bool__的最簡單實現,object上也沒,就找__len__,__len__也沒有,恆爲True,一切皆爲真;
有__len__,說明是個容器,裏面沒有東西說明爲空,__len__返回值>=0;
注:
鏈表中不寫__bool__,只寫__len__,可實現等效False;
例:
class A:
pass
class B:
def __bool__(self):
# return False
return True
class C:
def __len__(self):
# return 0
return 1
print(bool(A()))
print(bool(B))
print(bool(B()))
print(bool(C()))
print(C().__len__())
print(len(C()))
輸出:
True
True
True
True
1
1
__repr__、__str__;
__repr__,內建函數repr()對一個對象獲取字符串表達,若是一個類定義了__repr__()但有定義__str__,那麼在請求該類的實例的「非正式」的字符串表示時也將調用__repr__();
__str__,str()函數,內建函數format、print()調用,須要返回對象的字符串表達;
__bytes__,bytes的時候,返回一個對象的bytes表達,即返回bytes對象;
__repr__、__str__都沒有,找object(打印內存地址);
沒有__str__,找__repr__;
沒有__repr__,只有__str__:
str()、format、print使用沒問題;
內部打印找object,如print([A()]),顯示[<__main__.A object at 0x7f5ac6059470>];
通常__repr__、__str__兩個都要,寫的如出一轍;
技巧,在定義__repr__後,__str__ = __repr__,相似__hash__ = None;
例:
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 'a'
self.b = 'b'
def __repr__(self):
return 'repr: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)
def __str__(self):
return 'str: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)
print(A()) #print函數使用__str__
print([A()]) #[]使用__str__,但其內部使用__repr__
print(([str(A())])) #[]使用__str__,str()函數也使用__str__
print('str:a,b')
s = 'b'
print(['a'],(s,))
輸出:
str: a,b
[repr: a,b]
['str: a,b']
str:a,b
['a'] ('b',)
例2:
class A:
def __init__(self):
self.a = 'a'
self.b = 'b'
# def __repr__(self):
# return 'repr: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)
def __str__(self):
return 'str: {},{}'.format(self.a,self.b)
print(A())
print([A()]) #內部調用__repr__(),__repr__()沒有則調用object打印內存地址
print(([str(A())]))
print('str:a,b')
s = 'b'
print(['a'],(s,))
輸出:
str: a,b
[<__main__.A object at 0x7f5ac6059470>]
['str: a,b']
str:a,b
['a'] ('b',)