Http協議的重要性相信不用我多說了,HttpClient相比傳統JDK自帶的URLConnection,增長了易用性和靈活性(具體區別,往後咱們再討論),它不只是客戶端發送Http請求變得容易,並且也方便了開發人員測試接口(基於Http協議的),即提升了開發的效率,也方便提升代碼的健壯性。所以熟練掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修內容,掌握HttpClient後,相信對於Http協議的瞭解會更加深刻。java
1、簡介
HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子項目,用來提供高效的、最新的、功能豐富的支持HTTP協議的客戶端編程工具包,而且它支持HTTP協議最新的版本和建議。HttpClient已經應用在不少的項目中,好比Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外兩個開源項目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。apache
下載地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi編程
2、特性
1. 基於標準、純淨的java語言。實現了Http1.0和Http1.1tomcat
2. 以可擴展的面向對象的結構實現了Http所有的方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE)。服務器
3. 支持HTTPS協議。多線程
4. 經過Http代理創建透明的鏈接。socket
5. 利用CONNECT方法經過Http代理創建隧道的https鏈接。工具
6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos認證方案。post
7. 插件式的自定義認證方案。測試
8. 便攜可靠的套接字工廠使它更容易的使用第三方解決方案。
9. 鏈接管理器支持多線程應用。支持設置最大鏈接數,同時支持設置每一個主機的最大鏈接數,發現並關閉過時的鏈接。
10. 自動處理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。
11. 插件式的自定義Cookie策略。
12. Request的輸出流能夠避免流中內容直接緩衝到socket服務器。
13. Response的輸入流能夠有效的從socket服務器直接讀取相應內容。
14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久鏈接。
15. 直接獲取服務器發送的response code和 headers。
16. 設置鏈接超時的能力。
17. 實驗性的支持http1.1 response caching。
18. 源代碼基於Apache License 可免費獲取。
3、使用方法
使用HttpClient發送請求、接收響應很簡單,通常須要以下幾步便可。
1. 建立HttpClient對象。
2. 建立請求方法的實例,並指定請求URL。若是須要發送GET請求,建立HttpGet對象;若是須要發送POST請求,建立HttpPost對象。
3. 若是須要發送請求參數,可調用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法來添加請求參數;對於HttpPost對象而言,也可調用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法來設置請求參數。
4. 調用HttpClient對象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)發送請求,該方法返回一個HttpResponse。
5. 調用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可獲取服務器的響應頭;調用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可獲取HttpEntity對象,該對象包裝了服務器的響應內容。程序可經過該對象獲取服務器的響應內容。
6. 釋放鏈接。不管執行方法是否成功,都必須釋放鏈接
4、實例
- package com.test;
-
- import java.io.File;
- import java.io.FileInputStream;
- import java.io.IOException;
- import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
- import java.security.KeyManagementException;
- import java.security.KeyStore;
- import java.security.KeyStoreException;
- import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
- import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
-
- import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
-
- import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
- import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.ParseException;
- import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
- import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
- import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContexts;
- import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustSelfSignedStrategy;
- import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntityBuilder;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;
- import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.StringBody;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
- import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
- import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
- import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
- import org.junit.Test;
-
- public class HttpClientTest {
-
- @Test
- public void jUnitTest() {
- get();
- }
-
-
- public void ssl() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null;
- try {
- KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
- FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("d:\\tomcat.keystore"));
- try {
-
- trustStore.load(instream, "123456".toCharArray());
- } catch (CertificateException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- try {
- instream.close();
- } catch (Exception ignore) {
- }
- }
-
- SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom().loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()).build();
-
- SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslcontext, new String[] { "TLSv1" }, null,
- SSLConnectionSocketFactory.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);
- httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();
-
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("https://localhost:8443/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
- System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- EntityUtils.consume(entity);
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- if (httpclient != null) {
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- public void postForm() {
-
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
-
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
-
- List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "admin"));
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "123456"));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;
- try {
- uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
- e1.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- public void post() {
-
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
-
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
-
- List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("type", "house"));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;
- try {
- uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
- e1.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- public void get() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
-
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.baidu.com/");
- System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());
-
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
-
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
-
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- if (entity != null) {
-
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
-
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- }
- System.out.println("------------------------------------");
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- public void upload() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceFile.action");
-
- FileBody bin = new FileBody(new File("F:\\image\\sendpix0.jpg"));
- StringBody comment = new StringBody("A binary file of some kind", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-
- HttpEntity reqEntity = MultipartEntityBuilder.create().addPart("bin", bin).addPart("comment", comment).build();
-
- httppost.setEntity(reqEntity);
-
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getRequestLine());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity();
- if (resEntity != null) {
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + resEntity.getContentLength());
- }
- EntityUtils.consume(resEntity);
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }</namevaluepair></namevaluepair></namevaluepair></namevaluepair>