再討論下webdriver
webdriver協議
何爲協議？協議就是客戶端和服務器規定好的通訊方式。
web driver協議規定了某一個操做（好比find_element_by_id），客戶端須要向服務器的哪一個路由（實際上是經過command來定義的接口地址）接口發送怎樣的數據格式以及響應的數據。
協議是抽象類，只規定了有哪些操做和怎樣的數據格式，沒有具體的實現，具體的實現是由不一樣的服務器來實現的，好比瀏覽器驅動、appium服務器，相同的操做對不一樣的服務器來講調用的接口和傳遞的參數是相同的，由於這是協議規定的；然而具體的實現是由服務器特定的功能決定的，瀏覽器驅動是用來操做瀏覽器的，appium是用來操做手機設備的，具體實現確定是不一樣。
appium
appium擴展了selenium，它能夠用selenium全部的接口，由於appium服務器也具體實現了其功能，因此能夠兼容使用（服務器接口和接收的參數由協議規定）。
selenium/appium怎麼向服務器發送請求
這一切都發動自selenium webdriver類中的execute這個方法
def execute(self, driver_command, params=None):
"""
Sends a command to be executed by a command.CommandExecutor.
:Args:
- driver_command: The name of the command to execute as a string.
- params: A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command.
:Returns:
The command's JSON response loaded into a dictionary object.
"""
if self.session_id is not None:
if not params:
params = {'sessionId': self.session_id}
elif 'sessionId' not in params:
params['sessionId'] = self.session_id
params = self._wrap_value(params)
response = self.command_executor.execute(driver_command, params)
if response:
self.error_handler.check_response(response)
response['value'] = self._unwrap_value(
response.get('value', None))
return response
# If the server doesn't send a response, assume the command was
# a success
return {'success': 0, 'value': None, 'sessionId': self.session_id}
其中調用了command_executor.execute方法css
def execute(self, command, params):
"""
Send a command to the remote server.
Any path subtitutions required for the URL mapped to the command should be
included in the command parameters.
:Args:
- command - A string specifying the command to execute.
- params - A dictionary of named parameters to send with the command as
its JSON payload.
"""
command_info = self._commands[command]
assert command_info is not None, 'Unrecognised command %s' % command
path = string.Template(command_info[1]).substitute(params)
if hasattr(self, 'w3c') and self.w3c and isinstance(params, dict) and 'sessionId' in params:
del params['sessionId']
data = utils.dump_json(params)
url = '%s%s' % (self._url, path)
return self._request(command_info[0], url, body=data)
def _request(self, method, url, body=None):
"""
Send an HTTP request to the remote server.
:Args:
- method - A string for the HTTP method to send the request with.
- url - A string for the URL to send the request to.
- body - A string for request body. Ignored unless method is POST or PUT.
:Returns:
A dictionary with the server's parsed JSON response.
"""
LOGGER.debug('%s %s %s' % (method, url, body))
parsed_url = parse.urlparse(url)
headers = self.get_remote_connection_headers(parsed_url, self.keep_alive)
resp = None
if body and method != 'POST' and method != 'PUT':
body = None
if self.keep_alive:
resp = self._conn.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
statuscode = resp.status
else:
http = urllib3.PoolManager(timeout=self._timeout)
resp = http.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
statuscode = resp.status
if not hasattr(resp, 'getheader'):
if hasattr(resp.headers, 'getheader'):
resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.getheader(x)
elif hasattr(resp.headers, 'get'):
resp.getheader = lambda x: resp.headers.get(x)
data = resp.data.decode('UTF-8')
try:
if 300 <= statuscode < 304:
return self._request('GET', resp.getheader('location'))
if 399 < statuscode <= 500:
return {'status': statuscode, 'value': data}
content_type = []
if resp.getheader('Content-Type') is not None:
content_type = resp.getheader('Content-Type').split(';')
if not any([x.startswith('image/png') for x in content_type]):
try:
data = utils.load_json(data.strip())
except ValueError:
if 199 < statuscode < 300:
status = ErrorCode.SUCCESS
else:
status = ErrorCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR
return {'status': status, 'value': data.strip()}
# Some of the drivers incorrectly return a response
# with no 'value' field when they should return null.
if 'value' not in data:
data['value'] = None
return data
else:
data = {'status': 0, 'value': data}
return data
finally:
LOGGER.debug("Finished Request")
resp.close()
最終發送請求的是_request這個方法。
在selenium webdriver中的execute中最後用_unwrap_value包裝了下返回的響應，放在了response['value']中。
看看服務器路由接口的定義
self._commands = {
Command.STATUS: ('GET', '/status'),
Command.NEW_SESSION: ('POST', '/session'),
Command.GET_ALL_SESSIONS: ('GET', '/sessions'),
Command.QUIT: ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId'),
Command.GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window_handle'),
Command.W3C_GET_CURRENT_WINDOW_HANDLE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
Command.GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window_handles'),
Command.W3C_GET_WINDOW_HANDLES:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/handles'),
Command.GET: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/url'),
Command.GO_FORWARD: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/forward'),
Command.GO_BACK: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/back'),
Command.REFRESH: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/refresh'),
Command.EXECUTE_SCRIPT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute'),
Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute/sync'),
Command.W3C_EXECUTE_SCRIPT_ASYNC:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute/async'),
Command.GET_CURRENT_URL: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/url'),
Command.GET_TITLE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/title'),
Command.GET_PAGE_SOURCE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/source'),
Command.SCREENSHOT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/screenshot'),
Command.ELEMENT_SCREENSHOT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/screenshot'),
Command.FIND_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element'),
Command.FIND_ELEMENTS: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/elements'),
Command.W3C_GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/active'),
Command.GET_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/active'),
Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/element'),
Command.FIND_CHILD_ELEMENTS:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/elements'),
Command.CLICK_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/click'),
Command.CLEAR_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear'),
Command.SUBMIT_ELEMENT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/submit'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_TEXT: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/text'),
Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value'),
Command.SEND_KEYS_TO_ACTIVE_ELEMENT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/keys'),
Command.UPLOAD_FILE: ('POST', "/session/$sessionId/file"),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/value'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_TAG_NAME:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/name'),
Command.IS_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected'),
Command.SET_ELEMENT_SELECTED:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/selected'),
Command.IS_ELEMENT_ENABLED:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/enabled'),
Command.IS_ELEMENT_DISPLAYED:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/displayed'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_LOCATION_ONCE_SCROLLED_INTO_VIEW:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location_in_view'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_SIZE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/size'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_RECT:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/rect'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_ATTRIBUTE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/attribute/$name'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_PROPERTY:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/property/$name'),
Command.GET_ALL_COOKIES: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
Command.ADD_COOKIE: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
Command.GET_COOKIE: ('GET', '/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name'),
Command.DELETE_ALL_COOKIES:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/cookie'),
Command.DELETE_COOKIE:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/cookie/$name'),
Command.SWITCH_TO_FRAME: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/frame'),
Command.SWITCH_TO_PARENT_FRAME: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/frame/parent'),
Command.SWITCH_TO_WINDOW: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
Command.CLOSE: ('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/window'),
Command.GET_ELEMENT_VALUE_OF_CSS_PROPERTY:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/css/$propertyName'),
Command.IMPLICIT_WAIT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/timeouts/implicit_wait'),
Command.EXECUTE_ASYNC_SCRIPT: ('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute_async'),
Command.SET_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/timeouts/async_script'),
Command.SET_TIMEOUTS:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/timeouts'),
Command.DISMISS_ALERT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/dismiss_alert'),
Command.W3C_DISMISS_ALERT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/dismiss'),
Command.ACCEPT_ALERT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/accept_alert'),
Command.W3C_ACCEPT_ALERT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/accept'),
Command.SET_ALERT_VALUE:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert_text'),
Command.W3C_SET_ALERT_VALUE:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/text'),
Command.GET_ALERT_TEXT:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/alert_text'),
Command.W3C_GET_ALERT_TEXT:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/alert/text'),
Command.SET_ALERT_CREDENTIALS:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/alert/credentials'),
Command.CLICK:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/click'),
Command.W3C_ACTIONS:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/actions'),
Command.W3C_CLEAR_ACTIONS:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/actions'),
Command.DOUBLE_CLICK:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/doubleclick'),
Command.MOUSE_DOWN:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/buttondown'),
Command.MOUSE_UP:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/buttonup'),
Command.MOVE_TO:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/moveto'),
Command.GET_WINDOW_SIZE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size'),
Command.SET_WINDOW_SIZE:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/size'),
Command.GET_WINDOW_POSITION:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position'),
Command.SET_WINDOW_POSITION:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/position'),
Command.SET_WINDOW_RECT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/rect'),
Command.GET_WINDOW_RECT:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/window/rect'),
Command.MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/$windowHandle/maximize'),
Command.W3C_MAXIMIZE_WINDOW:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/maximize'),
Command.SET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/orientation'),
Command.GET_SCREEN_ORIENTATION:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/orientation'),
Command.SINGLE_TAP:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/click'),
Command.TOUCH_DOWN:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/down'),
Command.TOUCH_UP:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/up'),
Command.TOUCH_MOVE:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/move'),
Command.TOUCH_SCROLL:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/scroll'),
Command.DOUBLE_TAP:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/doubleclick'),
Command.LONG_PRESS:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/longclick'),
Command.FLICK:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/flick'),
Command.EXECUTE_SQL:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/execute_sql'),
Command.GET_LOCATION:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/location'),
Command.SET_LOCATION:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/location'),
Command.GET_APP_CACHE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/application_cache'),
Command.GET_APP_CACHE_STATUS:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/application_cache/status'),
Command.CLEAR_APP_CACHE:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/application_cache/clear'),
Command.GET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/network_connection'),
Command.SET_NETWORK_CONNECTION:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/network_connection'),
Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key'),
Command.REMOVE_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage/key/$key'),
Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_KEYS:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage'),
Command.SET_LOCAL_STORAGE_ITEM:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage'),
Command.CLEAR_LOCAL_STORAGE:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage'),
Command.GET_LOCAL_STORAGE_SIZE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/local_storage/size'),
Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key'),
Command.REMOVE_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage/key/$key'),
Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_KEYS:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage'),
Command.SET_SESSION_STORAGE_ITEM:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage'),
Command.CLEAR_SESSION_STORAGE:
('DELETE', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage'),
Command.GET_SESSION_STORAGE_SIZE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/session_storage/size'),
Command.GET_LOG:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/log'),
Command.GET_AVAILABLE_LOG_TYPES:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/log/types'),
Command.CURRENT_CONTEXT_HANDLE:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/context'),
Command.CONTEXT_HANDLES:
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/contexts'),
Command.SWITCH_TO_CONTEXT:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/context'),
Command.FULLSCREEN_WINDOW:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/fullscreen'),
Command.MINIMIZE_WINDOW:
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/window/minimize')
}
上面這些command只是selenium中的，appium還有本身增長的command
在appium中的webdriver類中有_addCommands這個方法，這個方法會遍歷全部的父類，只要父類也有_addCommands方法，則執行一遍，因此appium初始化後的command會更多，接口也就更多，這也就是說其擴展了selenium。
def _addCommands(self):
# call the overridden command binders from all mixin classes
for mixin_class in filter(lambda x: x is not self.__class__, self.__class__.__mro__):
if hasattr(mixin_class, self._addCommands.__name__):
getattr(mixin_class, self._addCommands.__name__, None)(self)
self.command_executor._commands[Command.TOUCH_ACTION] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/perform')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.MULTI_ACTION] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/touch/multi/perform')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.GET_CURRENT_PACKAGE] = \
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/appium/device/current_package')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.SET_IMMEDIATE_VALUE] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/element/$id/value')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.LAUNCH_APP] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/app/launch')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.CLOSE_APP] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/app/close')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.END_TEST_COVERAGE] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/app/end_test_coverage')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.RESET] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/app/reset')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.OPEN_NOTIFICATIONS] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/device/open_notifications')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.REPLACE_KEYS] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/element/$id/replace_value')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.GET_SETTINGS] = \
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/appium/settings')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.UPDATE_SETTINGS] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/appium/settings')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.LOCATION_IN_VIEW] = \
('GET', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/location_in_view')
self.command_executor._commands[Command.CLEAR] = \
('POST', '/session/$sessionId/element/$id/clear')
小節
- 協議是抽象類，只規定了操做、接口和傳參數據格式。
- appium擴展了selenium，appium服務器也實現了selenium的接口功能，只是實現方式不一樣，固然也有appium特有的功能接口（web不具有的，手機具有的特有功能）。
- 全部的操做在客戶端，最終都經過execute方法來請求服務器，並封裝響應。
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相關文章
- 1. [轉載]對SAS作圖討論系列（一）的再討論
- 2. 大數據的倫理再討論
- 3. 再討論 指針間相加減
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- 5. 討論
- 6. Spaner 討論
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- 8. CQRS討論
- 9. 技術討論
- 10. MLN 討論 —— inference