bloomfilter的簡單實現

布隆過濾器(英語:Bloom Filter)是1970年由布隆提出的,能夠用於檢索一個元素是否在一個集合中。html

原理

布隆過濾器的原理是,當一個元素被加入集合時,經過K個散列函數將這個元素映射成一個位數組中的K個點,把它們置爲1。檢索時,咱們只要看看這些點是否是都是1就(大約)知道集合中有沒有它了:若是這些點有任何一個0,則被檢元素必定不在;若是都是1,則被檢元素極可能在。git

優勢

運行快速,內存佔用小。通常方法是將集合中全部元素保存起來,而後經過比較肯定。鏈表、樹、哈希表等數據結構都是這種思路。可是隨着集合中元素的增長,咱們須要的存儲空間愈來愈大。同時檢索速度也愈來愈慢。github

缺點

  • 隨着存入的元素數量增長,誤算率隨之增長。可是若是元素數量太少,則使用散列表足矣。
  • 通常狀況下不能從布隆過濾器中刪除元素.

實現

public class BloomFilter {
    private final int size;
    private final int hashCount;
    private final BitSet bitSet;

    public BloomFilter(int size, int hashCount) {
        this.size = size;
        this.hashCount = hashCount;
        bitSet = new BitSet(size);
    }

    public void add(String key) {
        for (int seed = 1; seed <= hashCount; seed++) {
            int hash = Hashing.murmur3_32(seed).hashBytes(key.getBytes()).asInt();
            int index = Math.abs(hash) % size;
            bitSet.set(index);
        }
    }

    public boolean lookup(String key) {
        for (int seed = 1; seed <= hashCount; seed++) {
            int hash = Hashing.murmur3_32(seed).hashBytes(key.getBytes()).asInt();
            int index = Math.abs(hash) % size;
            if (!bitSet.get(index)) return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
}

murmur哈希算法

Austin Appleby在2008年發佈了一個新的散列函數——MurmurHash。其最新版本大約是lookup3速度的2倍(大約爲1 byte/cycle),它有32位和64位兩個版本。32位版本只使用32位數學函數並給出一個32位的哈希值,而64位版本使用了64位的數學函數,並給出64位哈希值。根據Austin的分析,MurmurHash具備優異的性能,雖然Bob Jenkins 在《Dr. Dobbs article》雜誌上聲稱「我預測MurmurHash比起lookup3要弱,可是我不知道具體值,由於我還沒測試過它」。MurmurHash可以迅速走紅得益於其出色的速度和統計特性。算法

guava自帶的Murmur3_32HashFunction:數組

final class Murmur3_32HashFunction extends AbstractStreamingHashFunction implements Serializable {
  private static final int C1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
  private static final int C2 = 0x1b873593;

  private final int seed;

  Murmur3_32HashFunction(int seed) {
    this.seed = seed;
  }

  @Override
  public int bits() {
    return 32;
  }

  @Override
  public Hasher newHasher() {
    return new Murmur3_32Hasher(seed);
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "Hashing.murmur3_32(" + seed + ")";
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(@Nullable Object object) {
    if (object instanceof Murmur3_32HashFunction) {
      Murmur3_32HashFunction other = (Murmur3_32HashFunction) object;
      return seed == other.seed;
    }
    return false;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    return getClass().hashCode() ^ seed;
  }

  @Override
  public HashCode hashInt(int input) {
    int k1 = mixK1(input);
    int h1 = mixH1(seed, k1);

    return fmix(h1, Ints.BYTES);
  }

  @Override
  public HashCode hashLong(long input) {
    int low = (int) input;
    int high = (int) (input >>> 32);

    int k1 = mixK1(low);
    int h1 = mixH1(seed, k1);

    k1 = mixK1(high);
    h1 = mixH1(h1, k1);

    return fmix(h1, Longs.BYTES);
  }

  // TODO(kak): Maybe implement #hashBytes instead?
  @Override
  public HashCode hashUnencodedChars(CharSequence input) {
    int h1 = seed;

    // step through the CharSequence 2 chars at a time
    for (int i = 1; i < input.length(); i += 2) {
      int k1 = input.charAt(i - 1) | (input.charAt(i) << 16);
      k1 = mixK1(k1);
      h1 = mixH1(h1, k1);
    }

    // deal with any remaining characters
    if ((input.length() & 1) == 1) {
      int k1 = input.charAt(input.length() - 1);
      k1 = mixK1(k1);
      h1 ^= k1;
    }

    return fmix(h1, Chars.BYTES * input.length());
  }

  private static int mixK1(int k1) {
    k1 *= C1;
    k1 = Integer.rotateLeft(k1, 15);
    k1 *= C2;
    return k1;
  }

  private static int mixH1(int h1, int k1) {
    h1 ^= k1;
    h1 = Integer.rotateLeft(h1, 13);
    h1 = h1 * 5 + 0xe6546b64;
    return h1;
  }

  // Finalization mix - force all bits of a hash block to avalanche
  private static HashCode fmix(int h1, int length) {
    h1 ^= length;
    h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
    h1 *= 0x85ebca6b;
    h1 ^= h1 >>> 13;
    h1 *= 0xc2b2ae35;
    h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
    return HashCode.fromInt(h1);
  }

  private static final class Murmur3_32Hasher extends AbstractStreamingHasher {
    private static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 4;
    private int h1;
    private int length;

    Murmur3_32Hasher(int seed) {
      super(CHUNK_SIZE);
      this.h1 = seed;
      this.length = 0;
    }

    @Override
    protected void process(ByteBuffer bb) {
      int k1 = Murmur3_32HashFunction.mixK1(bb.getInt());
      h1 = Murmur3_32HashFunction.mixH1(h1, k1);
      length += CHUNK_SIZE;
    }

    @Override
    protected void processRemaining(ByteBuffer bb) {
      length += bb.remaining();
      int k1 = 0;
      for (int i = 0; bb.hasRemaining(); i += 8) {
        k1 ^= toInt(bb.get()) << i;
      }
      h1 ^= Murmur3_32HashFunction.mixK1(k1);
    }

    @Override
    public HashCode makeHash() {
      return Murmur3_32HashFunction.fmix(h1, length);
    }
  }

  private static final long serialVersionUID = 0L;
}

關於參數值

哈希函數個數k、位數組大小m、加入的字符串數量n的關係:對於給定的m、n,當 k = ln(2)* m/n 時出錯的機率是最小的。好比哈希函數個數k取10,位數組大小m設爲字符串個數n的20倍時,false positive發生的機率是0.0000889。
guava提供的BloomFilter則直接提供了false positive的參數給你配置。數據結構

public static <T> BloomFilter<T> create(Funnel<? super T> funnel, long expectedInsertions) {
    return create(funnel, expectedInsertions, 0.03); // FYI, for 3%, we always get 5 hash functions
  }

doc

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