動態路由協議(RIP)

動態路由協議包括距離矢量路由協議和鏈路狀態路由協議。RIPRouting InformationProtocols,路由信息協議)是使用最普遍的距離矢量路由協議。RIP 是爲小型網絡環境設計的,由於這類協議的路由學習及路由更新將產生較大的流量,佔用過多的帶寬。
     RIP 協議分爲版本1 和版本2。不管是版本1或版本2,都具有下面的特徵:
1. 是距離向量路由協議;
2. 使用跳數(Hop Count)做爲度量值;
3 .默認路由更新週期爲30 秒;
4. 管理距離(AD)爲120
5. 支持觸發更新;
6. 最大跳數爲15 跳;
7. 支持等價路徑,默認4 ,最大6 條;
8. 使用UDP520 端口進行路由更新。
經過下面的實驗來學習RIPv1RIPv2的配置:
在路由器上啓動RIPv1進程
(1)    步驟1:配置路由器R1
R1(config)#router rip                   // 啓動RIP進程
R1(config-router)#version 1             // 配置RIP版本1
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0 .0       // 宣告直連網段
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
2)步驟2:配置路由器R2
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 1
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
3)步驟3:配置路由器R3
R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#version 1
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
4)步驟4:配置路由器R4
R4(config)#router rip
R4(config-router)#version 1
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R4(config-router)#network 4.0.0 .0
調試:(1)使用show ip route 命令查看路由表
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF , IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0 .0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       1.1.1 .0 is directly connected, Loopback0
R    4.0.0 .0/8 [120/3] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, Ethernet0/0
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R    192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, Ethernet0/0
R    192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, Ethernet0/0
以上輸出代表路由器R1 學到了3 RIP 路由,其中路由條目「R 4.0.0 .0/8 [120/3]via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:14, Ethernet0/0」的含義以下:
R:路由條目是經過RIP 路由協議學習來的;
4.0.0 .0/8:目的網絡;
120RIP 路由協議的默認管理距離;
3: 度量值,從路由器R1 到達網絡 4.0.0 .0/8 的度量值爲3 跳;
192.168.1.2:下一跳地址;
00:00:14:距離下一次更新還有1630-14)秒;
Ethernet0/0:接收該路由條目的本路由器的接口。
同時經過該路由條目的掩碼長度能夠看到,RIPv1 確實不傳遞子網信
2show ip protocol 該命令查看IP 路由協議配置和統計信息。
R1# show ip protocol
Routing Protocol is "rip"
  Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 22 seconds
  Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
  Redistributing: rip
  Default version control: send version 1, receive version 1
    Interface             Send  Recv  Triggered RIP  Key-chain
    Ethernet0/0           1     1
    Loopback0             1     1
  Automatic network summarization is in effect
  Maximum path: 4
  Routing for Networks:
    1.0.0 .0
    192.168.1.0
  Routing Information Sources:
    Gateway         Distance      Last Update
    192.168.1.2          120      00:00:08
  Distance: (default is 120)
其中:Routing Protocol is "rip"
// 路由器上運行的路由協議是RIP
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
// 在出方向上沒有設置過濾列表
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
// 在入方向上沒有設置過濾列表
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 22 seconds
// 更新週期是30 秒,距離下次更新還有22
Redistributing: rip
// 只運行RIP 協議,沒有其它的協議重分佈進來
Default version control: send version 1, receive version 1
// 默認發送版本1 的路由更新,接收本版1 的路由更新
Interface             Send  Recv  Triggered RIP  Key-chain
    Ethernet0/0           1     1
    Loopback0             1     1
Automatic network summarization is in effect
//RIP 路由協議默認開啓自動彙總功能
Maximum path: 4
//RIP 路由協議能夠支持4 條等價路徑,最大爲6
【提示】
能夠經過下面的命令來修改RIP 路由協議支持等價路徑的條數:
R1(config-router)#maximum-paths number-paths
 
3debug ip rip: 查看RIP 路由協議的動態更新過程。
R1# debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
R1#
*Mar  1 00:46:53.487: RIP: received v1 update from 192.168.1.2 on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 00:46:53.487:      4.0.0 .0 in 3 hops
*Mar  1 00:46:53.491:      192.168. 2.0 in 1 hops
*Mar  1 00:46:53.491:      192.168. 3.0 in 2 hops
*Mar  1 00:46:58.747: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Loopback0 ( 1.1.1 .1)
*Mar  1 00:46:58.747: RIP: build update entries
*Mar  1 00:46:58.747:   network 4.0.0 .0 metric 4
*Mar  1 00:46:58.751:   network 192.168.1.0 metric 1
*Mar  1 00:46:58.751:   network 192.168.2.0 metric 2
*Mar  1 00:46:58.751:   network 192.168.3.0 metric 3
*Mar  1 00:46:59.347: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0/0(192.168.1.1)
*Mar  1 00:46:59.347: RIP: build update entries
*Mar  1 00:46:59.347:   network 1.0.0 .0 metric 1
經過以上輸出,能夠看到RIPv1 採用廣播更新(255.255.255.255
在路由器上啓動RIPv2進程  
1)步驟1:配置路由器R1
R1(config)#router rip        // 啓動RIP進程
R1(config-router)#version 2   // 配置RIP版本2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary   // 關閉自動彙總
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0 .0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
2)步驟2:配置路由器R2
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
R2(config-router)#no auto-summary
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
3)步驟3:配置路由器R3
R3(config)#router rip
R3(config-router)#version 2
R3(config-router)#no auto-summary
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R3(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
4)步驟4:配置路由器R4
R4(config)#router rip
R4(config-router)#version 2
R4(config-router)#no auto-summary
R4(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R4(config-router)#network 4.0.0 .0
調試:(1)使用show ip route 命令查看路由表
R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF , IA - OSPF inter area
       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
       i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
       ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
       o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
 
Gateway of last resort is not set
 
     1.0.0 .0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C       1.1.1 .0 is directly connected, Loopback0
     4.0.0 .0/8 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks
R    4.4.4 .0/24 [120/3] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:22, Ethernet0/0
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
R    192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Ethernet0/0
R    192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.1.2, 00:00:11, Ethernet0/0
從上面輸出的路由條目「 4.4.4 .0/24」,能夠看到RIPv2 路由更新是攜帶子網信息
2show ip protocol 該命令查看IP 路由協議配置和統計信息。
 
R1# show ip protocol
Routing Protocol is "rip"
  Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
  Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 2 seconds
  Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
  Redistributing: rip
  Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2
    Interface             Send  Recv  Triggered RIP  Key-chain
    Ethernet0/0           2     2
    Loopback0             2     2
  Automatic network summarization is not in effect
  Maximum path: 4
  Routing for Networks:
    1.0.0 .0
    192.168.1.0
  Routing Information Sources:
    Gateway         Distance      Last Update
    192.168.1.2          120      00:00:23
  Distance: (default is 120)
// RIPv2 默認狀況下只接收和發送版本2 的路由更新
【提示】
能夠經過命令「ip rip send version」和「ip rip receive version」來控制在路由器接口上接收和發送的版本,例如在Ethernet0/0 接口上接收版本1 2 的路由更新,可是隻發送版本2 的路由更新,配置以下:
R1(config-if)#ip rip send version 2
R1(config-if)#ip rip receive version 1 2
3)經過debug ip rip 命令 查看RIP 路由協議的動態更新過程。
R1# debug ip rip
RIP protocol debugging is on
*Mar  1 01:37:27.119: RIP: received v2 update from 192.168.1.2 on Ethernet0/0
*Mar  1 01:37:27.119:      4.4.4 .0/24 via 0.0. 0.0 in 3 hops
*Mar  1 01:37:27.123:      192.168.2.0/24 vi a 0.0.0 .0 in 1 hops
*Mar  1 01:37:27.123:      192.168.3.0/24 vi a 0.0.0 .0 in 2 hops
*Mar  1 01:37:29.627: RIP: sending v2 update to 224.0.0.9 via Ethernet0/0 (192.1
68.1.1)
*Mar  1 01:37:29.627: RIP: build update entries
*Mar  1 01:37:29.627:   1.1.1 .0/24 via 0.0.0.0, metric 1, tag
經過以上輸出,能夠看到RIPv2 採用組播更新(224.0.0.9)
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