表就至關於文件,表中的一條記錄就至關於文件的一行內容,不一樣的是,表中的一條記錄有對應的標題,稱爲表的字段python
還記得咱們以前寫過的‘員工信息表做業’麼?存儲這員工信息的文件是這樣的:mysql
id,name,age,sex,phone,job 1,Tank,83,female,13651054608,IT 2,Nick,26,male,13304320533,Tearcher 3,Sean,25,male,13332353222,IT 4,Jason,40,male,13332353333,IT
若是把上面這個文件改爲一張表,應該是下面這個樣子sql
id | name | age | sex | phone | job |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tank | 83 | female | 13651054608 | IT |
2 | Nick | 26 | male | 13304320533 | Tearcher |
3 | Sean | 25 | male | 13332353222 | IT |
4 | Jason | 40 | male | 13332353333 | IT |
id,name,age,sex,phone,job稱爲字段,其他的,一行內容稱爲一條記錄。spa
create table 表名( 字段名1 類型[(寬度) 約束條件], 字段名2 類型[(寬度) 約束條件], 字段名3 類型[(寬度) 約束條件] );
設計
注意:code
mysql> create database staff; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> use staff; Database changed mysql> create table staff_info (id int,name varchar(50),age int(3),sex enum('male','female'),phone bigint(11),job varchar(11)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_staff | +-----------------+ | staff_info | +-----------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc staff_info; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select id,name,sex from staff_info; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from staff_info; Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into staff_info (id,name,age,sex,phone,job) values (1,'Tank',83,'female',13651054608,'IT'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into staff_info values (2,'Nick',26,'male',13304320533,'Teacher'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into staff_info values (3,'Sean',25,'male',13332353222,'IT'),(4,'Jason',40,'male',13332353333,'IT'); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from staff_info; +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+ | id | name | age | sex | phone | job | +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+ | 1 | Tank | 83 | female | 13651054608 | IT | | 2 | Nick | 26 | male | 13304320533 | Teacher | | 3 | Sean | 25 | male | 13332353222 | IT | | 4 | Jason | 40 | male | 13332353333 | IT | +------+----------+------+--------+-------------+---------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看錶結構有兩種方式:htm
describe [tablename];這種方法和desc [tablename];效果相同;能夠查看當前的表結構
blog
雖然desc命令能夠查看錶的定義,可是其輸出的信息還不夠全面,爲了獲得更全面的表定義信息,有時候就須要查看建立表的SQL語句,使用show create table
語法。除了能夠看到表定義以外,還能夠看到engine(存儲引擎)和charset(字符集)等信息。(\G選項的含義是是的記錄可以豎向排列,以便更好的顯示內容較長的記錄。)ci
mysql> describe staff_info; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc staff_info; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table staff_info\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: staff_info Create Table: CREATE TABLE `staff_info` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL, `age` int(3) DEFAULT NULL, `sex` enum('male','female') DEFAULT NULL, `phone` bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL, `job` varchar(11) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 row in set (0.01 sec) ERROR: No query specified
MySQL支持的數據類型:http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-snrjzypl-bb.html
MySQL表的完整性約束:http://www.javashuo.com/article/p-ppqbmnto-bd.html
語法: 1. 修改表名 ALTER TABLE 表名 RENAME 新表名; 2. 增長字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…], ADD 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…]; 3. 刪除字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 DROP 字段名; 4. 修改字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…]; ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 舊字段名 新字段名 舊數據類型 [完整性約束條件…]; ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 舊字段名 新字段名 新數據類型 [完整性約束條件…]; 5.修改字段排列順序/在增長的時候指定字段位置 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…] FIRST; ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…] AFTER 字段名; ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 字段名 舊字段名 新字段名 新數據類型 [完整性約束條件…] FIRST; ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY 字段名 數據類型 [完整性約束條件…] AFTER 字段名;
create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null); #去掉null約束 alter table t modify name char(10) null; # 添加null約束 alter table t modify name char(10) not null; # 去掉unique約束 alter table t drop index id; # 添加unique約束 alter table t modify id int unique; alter處理null和unique約束
一、首先建立一個數據表table_test: create table table_test( `id` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`name`) ); 二、若是發現主鍵設置錯了,應該是id是主鍵,但現在表裏已經有好多數據了,不能刪除表再重建了,僅僅能在這基礎上改動表結構。 先刪除主鍵 alter table table_test drop primary key; 而後再增長主鍵 alter table table_test add primary key(id); 注:在增長主鍵以前,必須先把反覆的id刪除掉。
建立press表 CREATE TABLE `press` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ; 建立book表 CREATE TABLE `book` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL, `press_id` int(11) NOT NULL, KEY `press_id` (`press_id`) ) ; 爲book表添加外鍵 alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id); 刪除外鍵 alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;
mysql> desc staff_info; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 表重命名 mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 刪除sex列 mysql> alter table staff drop sex; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) # 添加列 mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female'); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 修改id的寬度 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) # 修改name列的字段名 mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 修改sex列的位置 mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 建立自增id主鍵 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 刪除主鍵,能夠看到刪除一個自增主鍵會報錯 mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key # 須要先去掉主鍵的自增約束,而後再刪除主鍵約束 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 添加聯合主鍵 mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 刪除主鍵 mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 建立主鍵id mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 爲主鍵添加自增屬性 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)
DROP TABLE 表名;
分析步驟:
先站在左表的角度去找:是否左表的多條記錄能夠對應右表的一條記錄,若是是,則證實左表的一個字段foreign key 右表一個字段(一般是id)
再站在右表的角度去找:是否右表的多條記錄能夠對應左表的一條記錄,若是是,則證實右表的一個字段foreign key 左表一個字段(一般是id)
一對多或稱爲多對一
三張表:出版社,做者信息,書
一對多(或多對一):一個出版社能夠出版多本書
關聯方式:foreign key
=====================多對一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values ('北京工業地雷出版社'), ('人民音樂很差聽出版社'), ('知識產權沒有用出版社') ; insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九陽神功',1), ('九陰真經',2), ('九陰白骨爪',2), ('獨孤九劍',3), ('降龍十巴掌',2), ('葵花寶典',3) ;
班級和學生:一個班級能夠對應多個學生,但一個學生只能對應一個班級
主機和機房:一個機房能夠有多臺主機,可是一個主機只能屬於一個機房
三張表:出版社,做者信息,書
多對多:一個做者能夠寫多本書,一本書也能夠有多個做者,雙向的一對多,即多對多
關聯方式:foreign key+一張新的表
=====================多對多===================== create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); #這張表就存放做者表與書表的關係,即查詢兩者的關係查這表就能夠了 create table author2book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) ); #插入四個做者,id依次排開 insert into author(name) values('Nick'),('Tank'),('Oscar'),('Mac'); #每一個做者與本身的表明做以下 Nick: 九陽神功 九陰真經 九陰白骨爪 獨孤九劍 降龍十巴掌 葵花寶典 Tank: 九陽神功 葵花寶典 Oscar: 獨孤九劍 降龍十巴掌 葵花寶典 Mac: 九陽神功 insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ;
服務和機器:一個服務可能被部署到多臺機器上,一臺機器上也能夠部署多個服務
學生和課程:一個學生能夠選擇多門課程,一門課程也能夠被多個學生選擇
兩張表:學生表和客戶表
一對一:一個學生是一個客戶
關聯方式:foreign key+unique
create table customer( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> name varchar(20) not null, -> qq varchar(10) not null, -> phone char(16) not null -> ); create table student( -> id int primary key auto_increment, -> class_name varchar(20) not null, -> customer_id int unique, #該字段必定要是惟一的 -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外鍵的字段必定要保證unique -> on delete cascade -> on update cascade -> ); #增長客戶 mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values -> ('韓蕾','31811231',13811341220), -> ('楊瀾','123123123',15213146809), -> ('翁惠天','283818181',1867141331), -> ('楊宗河','283818181',1851143312), -> ('袁承明','888818181',1861243314), -> ('袁清','112312312',18811431230) mysql> #增長學生 mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values -> ('脫產1班',3), -> ('週末1期',4), -> ('週末1期',5) -> ;
例一:一個用戶只有一個博客
例二:一個管理員惟一對應一個用戶
根據表結構合理設計表與表之間的主外鍵關係和約束,並完成表結構的建立。