兩種分區方式:MBR,GPTnode
0磁道0扇區: 512byteslinux
446bytes:boot loadershell
64bytes:分區表,其中每16bytes標識一個分區vim
2bytes:55AAbash
列出塊設備網絡
lsblk
建立分區命令app
fdisk 管理MBR分區 gdisk 管理GPT分區 parted 高級分區操做,
parted的操做是實時生效的,當心使用dom
格式:ide
parted [option]...[設備 [命令 [參數]...]...]
gdisk [device...] 類fdisk 的GPT分區工具 fdisk -l [-u] [device...] 查看分區 fdisk [device...] 管理MBR分區工具
子命令:工具
p 分區列表 t 更改分區類型 n 建立新分區 d 刪除分區 v 校驗分區 u 轉換單位 w 保存退出 q 不保存退出
查看內核是否已經識別新的分區
cat /proc/partations
非交互式建立分區
echo -e 'n\np\n\n\n+2G\nw\n' | fdisk /dev/sdc
mkfs命令:
(1) mkfs.FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
ext4
xfs
btfs
vfat
(2) mkfs -t FS_TYPE /dev/DEVICE
-L 'LABEL' 設定卷標
經常使用選項:
-t {ext2|ext3|ext4|xfs} 指定文件系統類型 -b {1024|2048|4096} 指定塊大小 -L 'LABEL' 設定卷標 -i #爲數據空間中每第多少個字節建立一個inode;不小於塊大小 -N #指定分區中建立多少個inode -m #默認5%,爲管理人員預留空間佔總空間的百分比 -o FEATURE[,...] 啓用指定特性 -o ^FEATURE 關閉指定特性 -j 至關於 -t ext3
相關工具來自於lvm2 包
#顯示pv信息 pvs:簡要pv信息顯示 pvdisplay #建立pv pvcreate /dev/DEVICE #刪除pv pvremove /dev/DEVICE
#顯示卷組 vgs vgdisplay #建立卷組 vgcreate [-s #[KkmMgGtTpPeE]] volumeGroupName physicalDevicepath [PhysicalDevivePath...] #管理卷組 vgextend VolumeGroupName PhysicalDevicePath [PhysicalDevivePath...] vgreduce VolumeGroupName PhysicalDevicePath [PhysicalDevivePath...] #刪除卷組 先作pvmove 再作 vgremove
#顯示邏輯卷 lvs lvdisplay #建立邏輯卷 lvcreate -l #[mMgGtT] -n Name VolumeGroup lvcreate -l 60%VG -n mylv testvg #刪除邏輯卷 lvremove /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME
lvextend -L [+]#[mMgGtT] /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME # ext格式 resize2fs /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME # xfs格式 xfs_growfs MOUNTPOINT lvresize -r -l +100%FREE /dev/VG_NAME/LV_NAME
RAID類型: RAID 0、RAID 一、RAID 四、RAID 五、RAID 六、RAID 十、RAID 0一、RAID 50 RAID經常使用性能: RAID 0:須要至少2塊硬盤,讀寫性能提高,可用空間爲n塊硬盤容量之和,無容錯能力。 RAID 1:至少須要2塊硬盤,硬盤數爲2的倍數,可用空間爲n/2容量的空間,讀性能提高,寫性能下降,有冗餘能力。 RAID 5:至少須要3塊硬盤,硬盤數爲3塊以上。可用空間爲(n-1),讀寫性能提高,有容錯能力,最多容許壞1塊盤。 RAID 6:至少須要4塊硬盤,硬盤數爲4塊以上,可用空間爲(n-2),讀寫性能提高,有容錯能力,最多容許壞2塊盤。 RAID 10:至少須要4塊硬盤,硬盤數爲4的偶數,可用空間爲n/2,讀寫性能提高,有容錯能力,每組鏡像最多隻能壞1塊盤。先組RAID 1再組 RAID 0。 RAID 01:至少4塊盤,硬盤數爲4的偶數,可用空間爲n/2,讀寫性能提高,有容錯能力。不一樣鏡像不能壞存儲相同內容的硬盤,先組RAID 0 再組 RAID 1。 RAID 50:至少須要6塊盤,硬盤數爲3的倍數,可用空間爲(n-3),讀寫性能提高,有容錯能力,每組鏡像容許壞1塊盤,最多容許壞2塊硬盤。
# 備份MBR分區表 [root@CentOS8 ~]#dd if=/dev/sda of=/data/mbr.img bs=1 count=64 skip=446 [root@CentOS8 ~]#scp /data/mbr.img 10.0.0.8: # 破壞MBR分區表 [root@CentOS8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=64 seek=446 #重啓沒法進入系統 [root@CentOS8 ~]#reboot #用光盤啓動,進入rescue mode,選擇1)Continue -->> 回車進入shell #配置網絡 sh-4.4#ip addr add 10.0.0.18/24 dev ens33 sh-4.4#scp 10.0.0.8:/root/mbr.img . #恢復MBR分區表 sh-4.4#dd if=mbr.img of=/dev/sda bs=1 seek=446 sh-4.4#exit
#建立2G分區 [root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux /dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended /dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux [root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use. Adding logical partition 6 First sector (322967552-419430399, default 322967552): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (322967552-419430399, default 419430399): +2G Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux /dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended /dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux /dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Syncing disks. [root@CentOS8 ~]#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 3G 0 part [SWAP] ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 50G 0 part /data └─sda6 8:6 0 2G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 8.6G 0 rom #建立2G ext4文件系統 [root@CentOS8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 -L 'TEST' -m 1 /dev/sda6 mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020) Creating filesystem with 1048576 2k blocks and 131072 inodes Filesystem UUID: 344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f Superblock backups stored on blocks: 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@CentOS8 ~]#blkid | grep /dev/sda6 /dev/sda6: LABEL="TEST" UUID="344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f" BLOCK_SIZE="2048" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-06" #建立text掛載點並添加掛載配置使開機自動掛載 [root@CentOS8 ~]#mkdir /test [root@CentOS8 /]#vim /etc/fstab UUID=344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f /test ext4 defaults 0 0 #設置默認掛載acl選項 [root@CentOS8 ~]#tune2fs -o acl /dev/sda6 [root@CentOS8 /]#reboot [root@CentOS8 ~]#df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda6 2031306 9236 1992908 1% /test [root@CentOS8 ~]#tune2fs -l /dev/sda6 tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020) Filesystem volume name: TEST Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: 344bd85b-cf28-4ace-aa25-a962f56a554f Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize metadata_csum Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl #分區掛載選項支持acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux
#建立兩個分區,/dev/sda7和/dev/sda8 大小均爲10G 且分區格式爲lvm [root@CentOS8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux /dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended /dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux /dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 Linux Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use. Adding logical partition 7 First sector (327163904-419430399, default 327163904): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (327163904-419430399, default 419430399): +10G Created a new partition 7 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-7, default 7): 7 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'. Command (m for help): n All primary partitions are in use. Adding logical partition 8 First sector (348137472-419430399, default 348137472): Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (348137472-419430399, default 419430399): +10G Created a new partition 8 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB. Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-8, default 8): 8 Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disklabel type: dos Disk identifier: 0x3bce8aa0 Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 211814399 209715200 100G 83 Linux /dev/sda3 211814400 218105855 6291456 3G 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda4 218105856 419430399 201324544 96G 5 Extended /dev/sda5 218107904 322965503 104857600 50G 83 Linux /dev/sda6 322967552 327161855 4194304 2G 83 Linux /dev/sda7 327163904 348135423 20971520 10G 8e Linux LVM /dev/sda8 348137472 369108991 20971520 10G 8e Linux LVM Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Syncing disks. #安裝lvm管理工具,查看工具包安裝文件 [root@CentOS8 ~]#yum -y install lvm2 [root@CentOS8 ~]#rpm -ql lvm2 #建立物理卷PV [root@CentOS8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda7 Physical volume "/dev/sda7" successfully created. [root@CentOS8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sda8 Physical volume "/dev/sda8" successfully created. [root@CentOS8 ~]#pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda7 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g /dev/sda8 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g #建立卷組VG,且PE大小爲16MB [root@CentOS8 ~]#vgcreate -s 16M testvg /dev/sda{7,8} Volume group "testvg" successfully created [root@CentOS8 ~]#vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree testvg 2 0 0 wz--n- <19.97g <19.97g [root@CentOS8 ~]#vgdisplay --- Volume group --- VG Name testvg System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 2 Metadata Sequence No 1 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAX LV 0 Cur LV 0 Open LV 0 Max PV 0 Cur PV 2 Act PV 2 VG Size <19.97 GiB PE Size 16.00 MiB Total PE 1278 Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0 Free PE / Size 1278 / <19.97 GiB VG UUID 3peGQY-6UoH-3haX-rQCG-OeEY-jFcj-wKPFNu #建立邏輯卷LV,大小爲5G的testlv [root@CentOS8 ~]#lvcreate -n testlv -L 5G testvg Logical volume "testlv" created. [root@CentOS8 ~]#lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert testlv testvg -wi-a----- 5.00g [root@CentOS8 ~]#lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/testvg/testlv LV Name testlv VG Name testvg LV UUID c2bGkH-5o3O-pM60-Kvxd-VoxM-bzoz-Nlgr0S LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time CentOS8.localdomain, 2021-03-26 06:21:59 +0800 LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 5.00 GiB Current LE 320 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:0 [root@CentOS8 ~]#vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree testvg 2 1 0 wz--n- <19.97g <14.97g #建立ext4文件系統並自動掛載/users目錄 [root@CentOS8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/testvg/testlv mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020) Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes Filesystem UUID: 2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done [root@CentOS8 ~]#blkid /dev/sda7: UUID="F3GTs3-X70f-lifj-Cjbz-QCp5-tk7F-3Qz3q0" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-07" /dev/sda8: UUID="Qk2QT3-fUdm-w4QT-3TDO-BUbM-kZbv-PEPNC2" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="3bce8aa0-08" /dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2020-11-18-21-39-52-00" LABEL="CentOS-8-3-2011-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="6b8b4567" PTTYPE="dos" /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv: UUID="2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" [root@CentOS8 ~]#mkdir /users [root@CentOS8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab #最後一行,添加 UUID=2b540cd3-9f3a-4617-8940-1ae155b51474 /users ext4 defaults 0 0 #手動掛載文件系統 [root@CentOS8 ~]#mount -a [root@CentOS8 ~]#df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 4.9G 20M 4.6G 1% /users