golang經常使用庫：gorilla/mux-http路由庫使用

時間  2020-10-16
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golang經常使用庫：gorilla/mux-http路由庫使用
golang經常使用庫：配置文件解析庫-viper使用
golang經常使用庫：操做數據庫的orm框架-gorm基本使用html

一：golang自帶路由介紹

golang自帶路由庫 http.ServerMux ，其實是一個 map[string]Handler，是請求的url路徑和該url路徑對於的一個處理函數的映射關係。這個實現比較簡單，有一些缺點：git

  1. 不支持參數設定，例如/user/:uid 這種泛型類型匹配
  2. 沒法很友好的支持REST模式，沒法限制訪問方法（POST，GET等）
  3. 也不支持正則

二：gorilla/mux路由

github地址：https://github.com/gorilla/mux
http://www.gorillatoolkit.org/pkg/mux
https://github.com/gorilla/mux#examplesgithub


上面所指出來的glang自帶路由的缺點，gorilla/mux 都具有，並且還兼容 http.ServerMux。除了支持路徑正則，命名路由，還支持中間件等等功能。因此mux是一個短小精悍，功能很全的路由。
golang

1. 普通路由

示例 demo1.go數據庫

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	//普通路由
	r.HandleFunc("/", IndexHandler)
	r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler)

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func IndexHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello world")
}

func ProductsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, Products")
}

上面mux的普通路由是否是似曾相識，跟golang標準庫用法同樣

在瀏覽器訪問：http://localhost:8080/products
輸出：hello, Products瀏覽器

2. 參數路由

參數路由，能夠是普通路由，還能夠是正則匹配
示例 demo2.go：框架

package main

import (
	"net/http"

	"fmt"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

//路由參數
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	//1. 普通路由參數
	// r.HandleFunc("/articles/{title}", TitleHandler)

	//2. 正則路由參數，下面例子中限制爲英文字母
	r.HandleFunc("/articles/{title:[a-z]+}", TitleHandler)

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

//https://github.com/gorilla/mux#examples
func TitleHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	vars := mux.Vars(r) // 獲取參數
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "title: %v\n", vars["title"])
}


第1個普通路由參數，就是啥參數均可以，無論是字母，數字，仍是中文等
第2個正則路由參數，限制了只能是英文字母，不然會報 404 page not founddom

3. 路由匹配 Matching Routes

https://github.com/gorilla/mux#matching-routes
咱們也能夠限制路由或者子路由。函數

3.1 匹配host

r := mux.NewRouter()
//只匹配 www.example.com
r.Host("www.example.com")
// 動態匹配子路由
r.Host("{subdomain:[a-z]+}.example.com")

3.2 更多的一些其餘匹配

見下面的更多匹配的例子：測試

r := mux.NewRouter()

r.PathPrefix("/products/")    //前綴匹配
r.Methods("GET", "POST")      //請求方法匹配
r.Schemes("https")            //schemes
r.Headers("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest")  //header 匹配
r.Queries("key", "value")  //query的值匹配

// 用戶自定義方法 匹配
r.MatcherFunc(func(r *http.Request, rm *RouteMatch) bool { 
    return r.ProtoMajor == 0
})


把上面的聯合起來在一個單獨的route裏

r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler).
  Host("www.example.com").
  Methods("GET").
  Schemes("http")

3.3 子路由匹配

Subrouter() 能夠設置子路由

r := mux.NewRouter()
s := r.Host("www.example.com").Subrouter()

s.HandleFunc("/products/", ProductsHandler)
s.HandleFunc("/products/{key}", ProductHandler)
s.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ArticleHandler)

3.4 多個路由匹配的順序

若是有多個路由添加到路由器裏面，那麼匹配順序是怎麼樣？按照添加的前後順序匹配。好比有2個路由都匹配了，那麼優先匹配第一個路由。

r := mux.NewRouter()
r.HandleFunc("/specific", specificHandler)
r.PathPrefix("/").Handler(catchAllHandler)

4. 設置路由前綴

PathPrefix() 設置路由前綴

r := mux.NewRouter()

//PathPrefix() 能夠設置路由前綴
product := r.PathPrefix("/products").HandleFunc("/", ProductsHandler)

路由前綴通常狀況下不會單獨使用，而是和子路由結合起來用，實現路由分組

5. 分組路由

能夠根據前面的子路由和路由前綴的功能，綜合運用就能夠設置分組路由了
實例：grouprouter.go

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"net/http"
)

//子路由, 分組路由
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()

	//PathPrefix() 能夠設置路由前綴，設置路由前綴爲products
	products := r.PathPrefix("/products").Subrouter()
	//"http://localhost:8080/products/", 最後面的斜線必定要，否則路由不正確，頁面出現404
	products.HandleFunc("/", ProductsHandler)
	//"http://localhost:8080/products/{key}"
	products.HandleFunc("/{key}", ProductHandler)

	users := r.PathPrefix("/users").Subrouter()
	// "/users"
	users.HandleFunc("/", UsersHandler)
	// "/users/id/參數/name/參數"
	users.HandleFunc("/id/{id}/name/{name}", UserHandler)

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func ProductsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s", "products")
}

func ProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	vars := mux.Vars(r) //獲取路由的值
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "key: %s", vars["key"])
}

func UsersHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	fmt.Fprintf(w, " %s \r\n", "users handler")
}

func UserHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	vars := mux.Vars(r) //獲取值
	id := vars["id"]
	name := vars["name"]
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "id: %s, name: %s \r\n", id, name)
}

6. 路由中間件

https://github.com/gorilla/mux#middleware
Mux middlewares are defined using the de facto standard type: 在mux中路由中間件的定義

type MiddlewareFunc func(http.Handler) http.Handler

示例1：middleware1.go

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	r.HandleFunc("/", handler)

	r.Use(loggingMiddleware)

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		//Do stuff here
		fmt.Println(r.RequestURI)
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s\r\n", r.URL)
		// Call the next handler, which can be another middleware in the chain, or the final handler.
		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
}

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Write([]byte("handle middleware"))
	fmt.Println("print handler")
}

示例2：middleware2.go

在來看一個複雜點的例子：

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"strings"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

type authMiddleware struct {
	tokenUsers map[string]string
}

func (amw *authMiddleware) Populate() {
	amw.tokenUsers = make(map[string]string)
	amw.tokenUsers["000"] = "user0"
	amw.tokenUsers["aaa"] = "userA"
	amw.tokenUsers["05ft"] = "randomUser"
	amw.tokenUsers["deadbeef"] = "user0"
}

func (amw *authMiddleware) Middleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		token := strings.Trim(r.Header.Get("X-Session-Token"), " ")
		if token == "" {
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "token is error \r\n")
		}

		if user, found := amw.tokenUsers[token]; found {
			//we found the token in out map
			fmt.Printf("Authenticated user: %s\n", user)
			fmt.Fprintf(w, "Authenticated user: %s\n", user)
			// Pass down the request to the next middleware (or final handler)
			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
		} else {
			// Write an error and stop the handler chain
			http.Error(w, "Forbidden", http.StatusForbidden)
		}
	})
}

func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	r.HandleFunc("/", handler)

	amw := authMiddleware{}
	amw.Populate()

	r.Use(amw.Middleware)

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Write([]byte("handler"))
}

用 insomnia 軟件測試，以下圖：
image.png
X-Session-Token=aaa 返回時正確


那 -Session-Token=aaaa 呢
image.png
返回 403 了

7. Walking Routes 遍歷註冊的全部路由

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"strings"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	return
}

//https://github.com/gorilla/mux#walking-routes
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	r.HandleFunc("/", handler)
	r.HandleFunc("/products", handler).Methods("POST")
	r.HandleFunc("/articles", handler).Methods("GET")
	r.HandleFunc("/articles/{id}", handler).Methods("GET", "PUT")
	r.HandleFunc("/authors", handler).Queries("surname", "{surname}")
	err := r.Walk(func(route *mux.Route, router *mux.Router, ancestors []*mux.Route) error {
		pathTemplate, err := route.GetPathTemplate()
		if err == nil {
			fmt.Println("ROUTE:", pathTemplate)
		}
		pathRegexp, err := route.GetPathRegexp()
		if err == nil {
			fmt.Println("Path regexp:", pathRegexp)
		}
		queriesTemplates, err := route.GetQueriesTemplates()
		if err == nil {
			fmt.Println("Queries templates:", strings.Join(queriesTemplates, ","))
		}
		queriesRegexps, err := route.GetQueriesRegexp()
		if err == nil {
			fmt.Println("Queries regexps:", strings.Join(queriesRegexps, ","))
		}
		methods, err := route.GetMethods()
		if err == nil {
			fmt.Println("Methods:", strings.Join(methods, ","))
		}
		fmt.Println()
		return nil
	})

	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}

	http.Handle("/", r)
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

8. 其餘示例

請求方法限制

demo3.go:

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"net/http"
)

// 請求方法的限制, Methods()
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()

	r.HandleFunc("/products", ProductsHandler).Methods("GET", "POST")

	r.Handle("/products/{id}", &ProductsIdHandler{}).Methods("GET")
	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func ProductsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "hello, products! ")
}

type ProductsIdHandler struct{}

func (handler *ProductsIdHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	vars := mux.Vars(r)
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	fmt.Fprintf(w, "products id: %s", vars["id"])
}

請求頭限制

在路由定義中能夠經過Headers() 方法來限制設置請求頭的匹配。
demo4.go

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

// 請求頭的限制，用Headers() 來限制
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()

	r.HandleFunc("/products", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		header := "Request-Limit-Test"
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "contain headers: %s = %s \n", header, r.Header[header])
	}).Headers("Request-Limit-Test", "RequestLimitTest").Methods("POST")

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

自定義匹配規

用 MatcherFunc() 來自定義規則
示例 demo5.go：**

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"net/http"

	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
)

//自定義匹配 MatcherFunc()
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()

	r.HandleFunc("/products/matcher", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "FormValue: %s ", r.FormValue("func"))
	}).MatcherFunc(func(req *http.Request, match *mux.RouteMatch) bool {
		b := false
		if req.FormValue("func") == "matcherfunc" {
			b = true
		}
		return b
	})

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}


在瀏覽器中：http://127.0.0.1:8080/products/matcher?func=matcherfunc
輸出：FormValue: matcherfunc 

命名路由 Registered URLs

namerouter.go

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	// "log"
	"net/http"
)

// 命名路由 Name(), 獲取路由URL， URL()
func main() {
	r := mux.NewRouter()
	r.HandleFunc("/products/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}", ProductHandler).Name("product")

	//獲取路由的URL
	url1, err := r.Get("product").URL()
	fmt.Println(err) //error: mux: number of parameters must be multiple of 2, got [/]
	if err == nil {
		fmt.Println("get URL: \r\n", url1)
	}

	//獲取路由的url後，也能夠拼裝你須要的URL
	url2, err := r.Get("product").URL("category", "tech", "id", "13")
	if err == nil {
		fmt.Println("new url: ", url2) //new url:  /products/tech/13
	}

	http.ListenAndServe(":8080", r)
}

func ProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
	vars := mux.Vars(r)

	fmt.Fprintf(w, "url: %s, category: %s, id: %s", r.URL, vars["category"], vars["id"])
	//瀏覽器： http://localhost:8080/products/id/23

	//output
	//url: /products/id/23, category: id, id: 23
}

根據命名的路由來獲取路由URL r.Get("product").URL()

三：參考

https://github.com/gorilla/mux

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