(八）爬蟲之js調試（登錄知乎）

時間 2019-11-12

原文原文鏈接

　　上次爬取網易雲音樂，折騰js調試了很久，難受。。。。今天繼續練練手，研究下知乎登錄，讓痛苦更猛烈些。node

1.簡單分析python

　　很容易就發現登錄的url=「https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in」，post方法提交，須要的請求頭和表單數據以下兩圖，請求頭中有一個特殊的x-xsrftoken，表單數據爲加密後的一長串字符竄，所以須要構造這兩個值便可。c++

2. 獲取 x-xsrftoken值web

　　首先是這個特殊的x-xsrftoken，發現經過訪問url="https://www.zhihu.com/"，返回的cookies裏面能拿到（會自動重定向，須要禁止重定向拿到requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)），代碼以下：json

headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",}
def get_xsrf(headers):
    url="https://www.zhihu.com/"
    r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)  #禁止重定向時，cookies裏面有xsrf參數
    xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"]

3. 構造表單數據api

　　而後就是表單數據的構造和加密了, 根據前輩們的提示，提交url爲url=「https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in」，通常表單會和末尾部分/oauth/sign_in有關係，因而在js文件裏面搜索sign_in時，發現了下面的API，經過添加斷點，點擊登陸，而後執行到斷點處時，看到了以下的表單數據。變換不一樣帳號試了下，發現只有captcha，signature,timestamp三個值在改變，其餘參數不變。很明顯，captcha爲驗證碼，timestamp爲時間戳（注意是13位），signature也像一個加密值，接下來就是尋找這幾個值構造表單了。瀏覽器

表單數據：服務器

　　3.1 構造signaturecookie

　　　　對於signature，在js文件中搜索signature，發現了下面的signature關鍵字，一樣打斷點，發現signature是採用hmac對四個數據加密後的結果；加密方　　法爲sha1，salt值以下，而後加密的參數依次是e=「password」, u="c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20"(就是clientId)， source="com.zhihu.web", n爲13爲　　時間戳。用python實現代碼以下：app

def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
    h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
    h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
    return h.hexdigest()

　　3.2 構造captcha

　　　而後是處理驗證碼captcha參數，發現有三種狀況：

　　　　1. 不須要驗證碼，captcha=""

　　　　2. 請求驗證碼的url爲"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"，返回爲漢字圖片，須要點擊圖片中倒立的漢字，captcha爲座標值

3.請求驗證碼的url爲"https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"，返回英文字母圖片，輸入圖片中英文字符便可，captcha爲英文字符

　　　驗證碼的請求和處理流程以下：

　　　　首先向上述兩個驗證碼請求url中任一個發送get請求，若是返回{show_captcha：False}，不須要驗證碼，captcha=""，直接返回便可；若是返回{show_captcha：True}，則須要驗證碼，繼續向該url發送put請求（須要第一步的cookie），服務器會返回base64編碼的驗證碼圖片，利用base64解碼寫入文件即爲驗證碼圖片。打開圖片，根據要求輸入驗證碼或點擊圖片即爲captcha的值，這裏須要先攜帶cookie和驗證碼值，向服務器發送post請求，返回success才表示驗證成功。比較特殊的是中文驗證碼處理，驗證碼的值爲幾組座標值，以下第二張圖片所示，能夠利用matplotlib.pyplot模塊來獲取圖片點擊的座標值（注意提交結果爲實際點擊座標的一半）。

驗證碼：

驗證碼結果返回：

驗證碼處理的代碼以下：

def get_captcha(lang,headers):
    if lang=="cn":
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
    else:
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"
        
    ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
    cookies = ret.cookies
    show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
    captcha=""
    if show_captcha:
        img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies)  #得帶上第一步的cookie，不然返回，{u'code': 120002, u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
        img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
        img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
        with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
            i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
        img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
        if lang=="cn":
            plt.imshow(img)
            print("點擊圖片中全部倒立的漢字，在命令行中按回車鍵提交")
            points = plt.ginput(7) #阻塞點擊七次後返回(或者中途點擊回車鍵返回)，返回包含座標組的列表，格式：[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
            captcha = json.dumps({
                "img_size":[200,44],
                "input_points":[[i[0]/2,i[1]/2] for i in points]  #獲取的座標得除2
            })
            
        else:
            img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
            img_thread.setDaemon(True)
            img_thread.start()
            captcha = raw_input("請輸入圖片裏的驗證碼：")  #python 2.7
        r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies)  #先提交驗證碼結果
        print(r.text)
    return captcha,cookies

驗證碼處理

4. 加密表單數據

　　拿到上述表單須要的值後，剩下的就是對錶單數據進行加密了，搜索了下encrypt，找到了以下的js代碼，經過打斷點，看到了下圖中e的值，和表單中的參數如出一轍，能夠肯定爲加密方法，簡單研究了下js代碼，實在看不懂。。。。谷歌了下大佬們的解決方案(見文末參考)，發現須要將加密方法（28853行大括號截止處，對應function）拷貝出來，利用execjs模塊在python中執行js代碼便可。須要注意的是，拷貝出來的加密方法是在瀏覽器中運行的，須要去掉window，document等對象處理成node.js環境下運行的js代碼，而後安裝node.js,將execjs模塊的運行環境設置爲node.js便可以運行了。下面爲處理後的encrypt代碼和python加密方法：

function s(e) {
    return (s = "function" == typeof Symbol && "symbol" == typeof Symbol.t ? function(e) {
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function g(e) {
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,
(new G).J("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", 0, ["BRgg", "BSITFQkTERw=", "LQYfEhMA", "PxMVFBMZKB8DEjQaBQcZExMC", "", "NhETEQsE", "Whg=", "Wg==", "MhUcHRARDhg=", "NBcPBxYeDQMF", "Lx4ODys+GhMC", "LgM7OwAKDyk6Cg4=", "Mx8SGQUvMQ==", "SA==", "ORoVGCQgERcCAxo=", "BTcAERcCAxo=", "BRg3ABEXAgMaFAo=", "SQ==", "OA8LGBsP", "GC8LGBsP", "Tg==", "PxAcBQ==", "Tw==", "KRsJDgE=", "TA==", "LQofHg4DBwsP", "TQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGTU0GQIeBRsYEQ8=", "Qg==", "BWpUGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZG1MbGR8ZGxkXGRFpGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZGw==", "ORMRCyk0Exk8LQ==", "ORMRCyst"]);
var Q = function(e) {
    return __g._encrypt(e)
};

encrypt.js

#準備表單數據
    timestamp = int(1000*time.time())
    data_dict = {
        "captcha": "",
        "client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
        "grant_type": "password",
        "lang": "en",
        "password": "你的密碼",
        "ref_source": "homepage",
        "signature": "",
        "source": "com.zhihu.web",
        "timestamp": timestamp,
        "username": "你的用戶名",
        "utm_source": "",
    }
#將表單數據加密
    with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
        #os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
        # os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
        #print execjs.get().name
        js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8"))  #傳入unicode字符
        data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict爲表單數據

表單加密

5. 加密數據提交

　　拿到全部數據後，能夠提交post請求了，須要注意的有三個地方：

　　　　1.表單中參數的大小寫和拼寫要注意了 (我開始將client_id寫成了clientId，報錯找不到client_id參數）

　　　　2. 請求頭headers必須須要"content-type":"，'x-zse-83'，"x-xsrftoken"三個參數

　　　　3. 須要帶上cookie，最主要的是cookie中的cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少，能夠利用獲取驗證碼時返回的cookie

　　最後完整代碼以下：

#coding:utf-8

#登錄並爬取知乎

import requests
import time 
import hmac
import hashlib
from urllib import urlencode
import execjs #安裝PyExecJS模塊
import os
import json
import re
import base64
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import threading



def get_signature(grantType,clientId,source,timestamp):
    h = hmac.new("d1b964811afb40118a12068ff74a12f4","",hashlib.sha1)
    h.update(grantType+clientId+source+str(timestamp))
    return h.hexdigest()

def get_captcha(lang,headers):
    if lang=="cn":
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=cn"
    else:
        api = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/captcha?lang=en"
        
    ret = requests.get(api,headers=headers)
    cookies = ret.cookies
    show_captcha = re.search("true",ret.text)
    captcha=""
    if show_captcha:
        img_res = requests.put(api,headers=headers,cookies=cookies)  #得帶上第一步的cookie，不然返回，{u'code': 120002, u'name': u'ERR_CAPSION_TICKET_NOT_FOUND'}
        img_json = json.loads(img_res.text)
        img_data = img_json["img_base64"].replace("\n","")
        with open("captcha.jpg","wb") as i:
            i.write(base64.b64decode(img_data))
        img = Image.open("captcha.jpg")
        if lang=="cn":
            plt.imshow(img)
            print("點擊圖片中全部倒立的漢字，在命令行中按回車鍵提交")
            points = plt.ginput(7) #阻塞點擊七次後返回(或者中途點擊回車鍵返回)，返回包含座標組的列表，格式：[(44.661290322580641, 49.951612903225794)]
            captcha = json.dumps({
                "img_size":[200,44],
                "input_points":[[i[0]/2,i[1]/2] for i in points]  #獲取的座標得除2
            })
            
        else:
            img_thread = threading.Thread(target=img.show)
            img_thread.setDaemon(True)
            img_thread.start()
            captcha = raw_input("請輸入圖片裏的驗證碼：")  #python 2.7
        r = requests.post(api,headers=headers,data={"input_text":captcha},cookies=cookies)  #先提交驗證碼結果
        print(r.text)
    return captcha,cookies
def get_xsrf(headers):
    url="https://www.zhihu.com/"
    r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,allow_redirects=False)  #禁止重定向時，cookies裏面有xsrf參數
    xsrf = r.cookies["_xsrf"]    
    
def login(lang):
    headers={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.81 Safari/537.36",}
    
    #準備表單數據
    timestamp = int(1000*time.time())
    data_dict = {
        "captcha": "",
        "client_id": "c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20",
        "grant_type": "password",
        "lang": "en",
        "password": "xxxxx",
        "ref_source": "homepage",
        "signature": "",
        "source": "com.zhihu.web",
        "timestamp": timestamp,
        "username": "xxxxxxxx",
        "utm_source": "",
    }
    data_dict["signature"] = get_signature(data_dict["grant_type"],data_dict["client_id"],data_dict["source"],timestamp)
    data_dict["captcha"],cookies = get_captcha(lang,headers)
    
    #將表單數據加密
    with open("encrypt.js",'r') as f:
        #os.environ["EXECJS_RUNTIME"] = "Node"
        # os.environ["NODE_PATH"] = r"D:\nodejs\node_modules"
        #print execjs.get().name
        js = execjs.compile(f.read().decode("utf-8"))  #傳入unicode字符
        data = js.call(u'Q',urlencode(data_dict)) #data_dict爲表單數據
        print(data)
    
    #準備請求頭
    xsrf = get_xsrf(headers)
    header={
        "content-type":"application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
        #"Referer":"https://www.zhihu.com/signin",
        'x-zse-83': '3_1.1',
        "x-xsrftoken":xsrf,    
    }
    headers.update(header)
    sign_url = "https://www.zhihu.com/api/v3/oauth/sign_in"
    response = requests.post(url=sign_url,headers=headers,data=data,cookies=cookies)   #cookies["capsion_ticket"]不能少
    print(response.status_code)
    print(response.text)
    
if __name__=="__main__":
    login("cn")  #也能夠爲en

知乎登錄

function s(e) {
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        return typeof e
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}
function i() {}
function h(e) {
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}
function A(e) {
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}
function n(e) {
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    this.a = (192 & e) >> 6,
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}
function e(e) {
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    this.h = 1023 & e
}
function a() {}
function c(e) {
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    this.e = (768 & e) >> 8,
    this.a = (192 & e) >> 6,
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}
function o(e) {
    this.A = (4095 & e) >> 2,
    this.s = 3 & e
}
function r(e) {
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function k(e) {
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function B(e) {
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}
function f(e) {
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    this.A = 1023 & e
}
function u(e) {
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function C(e) {
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}
function b(e) {
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function g(e) {
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    this.i = (192 & e) >> 6,
    this.h = 63 & e
}
function G() {
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        6: c,
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        13: C,
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}
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
    value: !0
});
var t = "1.1"
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i.prototype.M = function(e) {
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h.prototype.M = function(e) {
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}
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A.prototype.M = function(e) {
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        break;
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        break;
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        break;
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}
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e.prototype.M = function(e) {
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}
,
c.prototype.M = function(e) {
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        break;
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        break;
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        break;
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        break;
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        e.C = e.c[this.n] == e.c[this.e];
        break;
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        e.C = e.c[this.n] != e.c[this.e];
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}
,
o.prototype.M = function(e) {
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}
,
r.prototype.M = function(e) {
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}
,
k.prototype.M = function(e) {
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,
B.prototype.M = function(t) {
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u.prototype.M = function(e) {
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,
C.prototype.M = function(e) {
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b.prototype.M = function(e) {
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}
,
(new G).J("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", 0, ["BRgg", "BSITFQkTERw=", "LQYfEhMA", "PxMVFBMZKB8DEjQaBQcZExMC", "", "NhETEQsE", "Whg=", "Wg==", "MhUcHRARDhg=", "NBcPBxYeDQMF", "Lx4ODys+GhMC", "LgM7OwAKDyk6Cg4=", "Mx8SGQUvMQ==", "SA==", "ORoVGCQgERcCAxo=", "BTcAERcCAxo=", "BRg3ABEXAgMaFAo=", "SQ==", "OA8LGBsP", "GC8LGBsP", "Tg==", "PxAcBQ==", "Tw==", "KRsJDgE=", "TA==", "LQofHg4DBwsP", "TQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGQ==", "PhMaNCwZAxoUDQUeGTU0GQIeBRsYEQ8=", "Qg==", "BWpUGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZG1MbGR8ZGxkXGRFpGxkfGRsZFxkbGR8ZGxkHGRsZHxkbGRcZGw==", "ORMRCyk0Exk8LQ==", "ORMRCyst"]);
var Q = function(e) {
    return __g._encrypt(e)
};