想將算法進一步開發嗎？手把手教你搭建基於CNN模型的Flask Web應用

時間 2019-12-07

標籤算法進一步開發手把手搭建基於 cnn 模型 flask web 應用欄目 Python 简体版

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對於機器學習和人工智能研究人員而言，好多人都只是構建好模型後就沒有進一步處理了，停留在一個比較粗糙的模型上面，沒有將其變成一個產品，其實好多創業型人工智能公司都是設計好模型後，將其轉化成產品，以後再推向市場。每個深度學習研究者心中或多或少都想成爲一名創業者，但不知道超哪一個方向發展。那麼，本文將從最簡單的網頁應用開始，一步一步帶領你使用TensorFlow建立一個卷積神經網絡（CNN）模型後，使用Flash RESTful API將模型變成一個網頁應用產品。
本文使用TensorFlow NN模塊構建CNN模型，並在CIFAR-10數據集上進行訓練和測試。爲了使模型能夠遠程訪問，使用Python建立Flask web應用來接收上傳的圖像，並使用HTTP返回其分類標籤。javascript

1.安裝Python、TensorFlow、PyCharm和Flask API

孔子云：工欲善其事，比先利其器。程序員亦如此，在進行開發前，須要準備好開發環境並基本掌握開發工具。Python是第一個須要安裝的工具，由於整個環境都依賴於它。若是你已經配置好了開發環境，那麼能夠跳過第一步。css

1.1 安裝Anaconda/Python

雖然能夠安裝傳統的方法安裝Python，可是建議使用相似於Anaconda這樣完整的包，由於裏面已經安裝了一些好的庫可供你直接調用。本文中使用的是Anaconda3版本，對於Windows系統，能夠從該網站下載並安裝。
爲了確保Anaconda3是否安裝成功，在CMD命令行中輸入（where Python），若是結果相似於下圖，則代表安裝成功。html

1.2 安裝TensorFlow

在上一步Anaconda3安裝完畢後，接下來是安裝TensorFlow（TF）。本文使用的是Windows系統下CPU版本的TF，安裝指導能夠見此連接。
TF的安裝步驟以下：java

1）使用下面代碼建立conda環境：

C:> conda create -n tensorflow pip python=3.5

這爲TF安裝建立了一個空的文件以保持虛擬環境（virtual environment, venv），vevn的位置在Anaconda3安裝的目錄文件下：（Anaconda3envstensorflow）。python

2）使用下行命令激活venv

C:> activate tensorflow

上行命令告訴咱們venv和所需安裝的全部庫，輸入這行命令後，命令行將變(tensorflow)C:>，接下來是安裝TensorFlow包。git

C:> pip install Flask-API

在所有安裝完畢後，接下來要開始新建工程了。算法

2.下載並預處理CIFAR-10數據集

CIFAR-10數據集能夠在此下載，該數據集包含60,000張圖像，並將其劃分爲訓練集和測試集。其中訓練集有5個文件夾，分別命名爲data_batch_一、data_batch_2...,data_batch_5，每一個文件夾中包含10,000張，每張都是32x32x3的RGB圖像。測試集只有一個文件夾，命名爲batches.meta，包含10,000張圖像。訓練集和測試集中包含的圖像類別爲飛機（airplane）、手機（automobile）、鳥（bird）、貓（cat）、鹿（deer）、狗（dog）、青蛙（frog）、馬（horse）、船（ship）以及truck（卡車）。
因爲數據集中的每一個文件都是二進制文件，所以應該對其進行解碼以檢索實際的圖像數據。基於此，建立unpickle_patch函數來執行以下操做：

def unpickle_patch(file): """ Decoding the binary file. :param file:File to decode it data. :return:Dictionary of the file holding details including input data and output labels. """ patch_bin_file = open(file, 'rb')#Reading the binary file. patch_dict = pickle.load(patch_bin_file, encoding='bytes')#Loading the details of the binary file into a dictionary. return patch_dict#Returning the dictionary.

該方法接收二進制文件並返回一個包含有關此文件詳細信息的字典。該字典除了標籤以外還包含文件中全部的10,000個樣本的數據。
爲了解碼整個訓練集，建立get_dataset_images函數。該函數接收數據集路徑並僅對訓練數據起做用。所以，它會過濾一些文件並只返回以data_batch_開頭的文件。測試數據在模型訓練好後再進行處理。
對於每個訓練文件夾，使用unpickle_patch函數解碼，該函數輸出一個字典。以後使用get_dataset_images函數獲取圖像數據以及其對應的類別標籤。圖像數據是從「data」鍵中檢索，類別標籤從「labels」鍵中檢索。
因爲數據圖形是以一維向量的形式保存，此外TensorFlow接收的是三維形式，所以應對其進行變換處理。基於此，get_dataset_images函數接收的參數爲圖像的文件路徑、行/列數以及圖像的通道數。

def get_dataset_images(dataset_path, im_dim=32, num_channels=3): """ This function accepts the dataset path, reads the data, and returns it after being reshaped to match the requierments of the CNN. :param dataset_path:Path of the CIFAR10 dataset binary files. :param im_dim:Number of rows and columns in each image. The image is expected to be rectangular. :param num_channels:Number of color channels in the image. :return:Returns the input data after being reshaped and output labels. """ num_files = 5#Number of training binary files in the CIFAR10 dataset. images_per_file = 10000#Number of samples withing each binary file. files_names = os.listdir(patches_dir)#Listing the binary files in the dataset path. """ Creating an empty array to hold the entire training data after being reshaped. The dataset has 5 binary files holding the data. Each binary file has 10,000 samples. Total number of samples in the dataset is 5*10,000=50,000. Each sample has a total of 3,072 pixels. These pixels are reshaped to form a RGB image of shape 32x32x3. Finally, the entire dataset has 50,000 samples and each sample of shape 32x32x3 (50,000x32x32x3). """ dataset_array = numpy.zeros(shape=(num_files * images_per_file, im_dim, im_dim, num_channels)) #Creating an empty array to hold the labels of each input sample. Its size is 50,000 to hold the label of each sample in the dataset. dataset_labels = numpy.zeros(shape=(num_files * images_per_file), dtype=numpy.uint8) index = 0#Index variable to count number of training binary files being processed. for file_name in files_names: """ Because the CIFAR10 directory does not only contain the desired training files and has some other files, it is required to filter the required files. Training files start by 'data_batch_' which is used to test whether the file is for training or not. """ if file_name[0:len(file_name) - 1] == "data_batch_": print("Working on : ", file_name) """ Appending the path of the binary files to the name of the current file. Then the complete path of the binary file is used to decoded the file and return the actual pixels values. """ data_dict = unpickle_patch(dataset_path+file_name) """ Returning the data using its key 'data' in the dictionary. Character b is used before the key to tell it is binary string. """ images_data = data_dict[b"data"] #Reshaping all samples in the current binary file to be of 32x32x3 shape. images_data_reshaped = numpy.reshape(images_data, newshape=(len(images_data), im_dim, im_dim, num_channels)) #Appending the data of the current file after being reshaped. dataset_array[index * images_per_file:(index + 1) * images_per_file, :, :, :] = images_data_reshaped #Appening the labels of the current file. dataset_labels[index * images_per_file:(index + 1) * images_per_file] = data_dict[b"labels"] index = index + 1#Incrementing the counter of the processed training files by 1 to accept new file. return dataset_array, dataset_labels#Returning the training input data and output labels.

處理好訓練集後，下一步構建CNN模型並進行訓練。

3.使用TensorFlow構建CNN模型

使用creat_CNN函數建立CNN模型，該函數建立卷積層（conv）、ReLU激活函數、最大池化（max pooling）、dropout以及全鏈接層（full connection,FC），最後一層全鏈接層輸出結果。每一層的輸出都是下一層的輸入，這就要求相鄰兩層之間的特徵圖尺寸大小要一致。此外，對於每一個conv、ReLU以及最大池化層等，都有一些超參數須要設置，好比卷積或池化時候設置的步長等。

def create_CNN(input_data, num_classes, keep_prop): """ Builds the CNN architecture by stacking conv, relu, pool, dropout, and fully connected layers. :param input_data:patch data to be processed. :param num_classes:Number of classes in the dataset. It helps determining the number of outputs in the last fully connected layer. :param keep_prop:probability of dropping neurons in the dropout layer. :return: last fully connected layer. """ #Preparing the first convolution layer. filters1, conv_layer1 = create_conv_layer(input_data=input_data, filter_size=5, num_filters=4) """ Applying ReLU activation function over the conv layer output. It returns a new array of the same shape as the input array. """ relu_layer1 = tensorflow.nn.relu(conv_layer1) print("Size of relu1 result : ", relu_layer1.shape) """ Max pooling is applied to the ReLU layer result to achieve translation invariance. It returns a new array of a different shape from the the input array relative to the strides and kernel size used. """ max_pooling_layer1 = tensorflow.nn.max_pool(value=relu_layer1, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding="VALID") print("Size of maxpool1 result : ", max_pooling_layer1.shape) #Similar to the previous conv-relu-pool layers, new layers are just stacked to complete the CNN architecture. #Conv layer with 3 filters and each filter is of sisze of 5x5. filters2, conv_layer2 = create_conv_layer(input_data=max_pooling_layer1, filter_size=7, num_filters=3) relu_layer2 = tensorflow.nn.relu(conv_layer2) print("Size of relu2 result : ", relu_layer2.shape) max_pooling_layer2 = tensorflow.nn.max_pool(value=relu_layer2, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding="VALID") print("Size of maxpool2 result : ", max_pooling_layer2.shape) #Conv layer with 2 filters and a filter sisze of 5x5. filters3, conv_layer3 = create_conv_layer(input_data=max_pooling_layer2, filter_size=5, num_filters=2) relu_layer3 = tensorflow.nn.relu(conv_layer3) print("Size of relu3 result : ", relu_layer3.shape) max_pooling_layer3 = tensorflow.nn.max_pool(value=relu_layer3, ksize=[1, 2, 2, 1], strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding="VALID") print("Size of maxpool3 result : ", max_pooling_layer3.shape) #Adding dropout layer before the fully connected layers to avoid overfitting. flattened_layer = dropout_flatten_layer(previous_layer=max_pooling_layer3, keep_prop=keep_prop) #First fully connected (FC) layer. It accepts the result of the dropout layer after being flattened (1D). fc_resultl = fc_layer(flattened_layer=flattened_layer, num_inputs=flattened_layer.get_shape()[1:].num_elements(), num_outputs=200) #Second fully connected layer accepting the output of the previous fully connected layer. Number of outputs is equal to the number of dataset classes. fc_result2 = fc_layer(flattened_layer=fc_resultl, num_inputs=fc_resultl.get_shape()[1:].num_elements(), num_outputs=num_classes) print("Fully connected layer results : ", fc_result2) return fc_result2#Returning the result of the last FC layer.

因爲卷積層將輸入數據與設置的卷積核進行卷積運算，所以create_CNN函數將輸入數據做爲輸入參數，這些數據是由get_dataset_images函數返回的數據。create_conv_layer函數接收輸入數據、過濾器大小和過濾器數量，並返回輸入數據與過濾器集合進行卷積的結果。這組濾波器的大小根據輸入圖像的深度而設置。 create_conv_layer的定義以下：

def create_conv_layer(input_data, filter_size, num_filters): """ Builds the CNN convolution (conv) layer. :param input_data:patch data to be processed. :param filter_size:#Number of rows and columns of each filter. It is expected to have a rectangular filter. :param num_filters:Number of filters. :return:The last fully connected layer of the network. """ """ Preparing the filters of the conv layer by specifiying its shape. Number of channels in both input image and each filter must match. Because number of channels is specified in the shape of the input image as the last value, index of -1 works fine. """ filters = tensorflow.Variable(tensorflow.truncated_normal(shape=(filter_size, filter_size, tensorflow.cast(input_data.shape[-1], dtype=tensorflow.int32), num_filters), stddev=0.05)) print("Size of conv filters bank : ", filters.shape) """ Building the convolution layer by specifying the input data, filters, strides along each of the 4 dimensions, and the padding. Padding value of 'VALID' means the some borders of the input image will be lost in the result based on the filter size. """ conv_layer = tensorflow.nn.conv2d(input=input_data, filter=filters, strides=[1, 1, 1, 1], padding="VALID") print("Size of conv result : ", conv_layer.shape) return filters, conv_layer#Returing the filters and the convolution layer result.

對於dropout層，接收一個保持神經元的機率參數，它代表會有多少神經元在dropout層被丟棄。 dropout層是使用dropout_flatten_layer函數實現，以下所示：

ef dropout_flatten_layer(previous_layer, keep_prop): """ Applying the dropout layer. :param previous_layer: Result of the previous layer to the dropout layer. :param keep_prop: Probability of keeping neurons. :return: flattened array. """ dropout = tensorflow.nn.dropout(x=previous_layer, keep_prob=keep_prop) num_features = dropout.get_shape()[1:].num_elements() layer = tensorflow.reshape(previous_layer, shape=(-1, num_features))#Flattening the results. return layer

因爲最後一個FC層的輸出神經元數應等於數據集類別數量，所以數據集類的數量將用做create_CNN函數的另外一個輸入參數。全鏈接層是使用fc_layer函數建立，該函數接收dropout層輸出結果，輸出結果中的特徵數量以及來自此FC層的輸出神經元的數量。根據輸入和輸出的數量，建立一個權重張量，而後乘以flattened_layer獲得FC層的返回結果。

def fc_layer(flattened_layer, num_inputs, num_outputs): """ uilds a fully connected (FC) layer. :param flattened_layer: Previous layer after being flattened. :param num_inputs: Number of inputs in the previous layer. :param num_outputs: Number of outputs to be returned in such FC layer. :return: """ #Preparing the set of weights for the FC layer. It depends on the number of inputs and number of outputs. fc_weights = tensorflow.Variable(tensorflow.truncated_normal(shape=(num_inputs, num_outputs), stddev=0.05)) #Matrix multiplication between the flattened array and the set of weights. fc_resultl = tensorflow.matmul(flattened_layer, fc_weights) return fc_resultl#Output of the FC layer (result of matrix multiplication).

使用TensorBoard能夠可視化網絡模型結構，以下圖所示：

4.訓練CNN模型

在構建好CNN模型以後，下一步就是使用以前處理的訓練數據進行模型訓練，代碼以下所示。代碼首先準備訓練數據的路徑，而後調用以前的討論過的函數，訓練的CNN使用梯度降低算法，優化方式是儘量最小化代價函數。

#Nnumber of classes in the dataset. Used to specify number of outputs in the last fully connected layer. num_datatset_classes = 10 #Number of rows & columns in each input image. The image is expected to be rectangular Used to reshape the images and specify the input tensor shape. im_dim = 32 #Number of channels in rach input image. Used to reshape the images and specify the input tensor shape. num_channels = 3 #Directory at which the training binary files of the CIFAR10 dataset are saved. patches_dir = "C:\\Users\\Dell\\Downloads\\Compressed\\cifar-10-python\\cifar-10-batches-py\\" #Reading the CIFAR10 training binary files and returning the input data and output labels. Output labels are used to test the CNN prediction accuracy. dataset_array, dataset_labels = get_dataset_images(dataset_path=patches_dir, im_dim=im_dim, num_channels=num_channels) print("Size of data : ", dataset_array.shape) """ Input tensor to hold the data read above. It is the entry point of the computational graph. The given name of 'data_tensor' is useful for retreiving it when restoring the trained model graph for testing. """ data_tensor = tensorflow.placeholder(tensorflow.float32, shape=[None, im_dim, im_dim, num_channels], name='data_tensor') """ Tensor to hold the outputs label. The name "label_tensor" is used for accessing the tensor when tesing the saved trained model after being restored. """ label_tensor = tensorflow.placeholder(tensorflow.float32, shape=[None], name='label_tensor') #The probability of dropping neurons in the dropout layer. It is given a name for accessing it later. keep_prop = tensorflow.Variable(initial_value=0.5, name="keep_prop") #Building the CNN architecure and returning the last layer which is the fully connected layer. fc_result2 = create_CNN(input_data=data_tensor, num_classes=num_datatset_classes, keep_prop=keep_prop) """ Predicitions probabilities of the CNN for each training sample. Each sample has a probability for each of the 10 classes in the dataset. Such tensor is given a name for accessing it later. """ softmax_propabilities = tensorflow.nn.softmax(fc_result2, name="softmax_probs") """ Predicitions labels of the CNN for each training sample. The input sample is classified as the class of the highest probability. axis=1 indicates that maximum of values in the second axis is to be returned. This returns that maximum class probability fo each sample. """ softmax_predictions = tensorflow.argmax(softmax_propabilities, axis=1) #Cross entropy of the CNN based on its calculated probabilities. cross_entropy = tensorflow.nn.softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=tensorflow.reduce_max(input_tensor=softmax_propabilities, reduction_indices=[1]), labels=label_tensor) #Summarizing the cross entropy into a single value (cost) to be minimized by the learning algorithm. cost = tensorflow.reduce_mean(cross_entropy) #Minimizng the network cost using the Gradient Descent optimizer with a learning rate is 0.01. error = tensorflow.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=.01).minimize(cost) #Creating a new TensorFlow Session to process the computational graph. sess = tensorflow.Session() #Wiriting summary of the graph to visualize it using TensorBoard. tensorflow.summary.FileWriter(logdir="./log/", graph=sess.graph) #Initializing the variables of the graph. sess.run(tensorflow.global_variables_initializer()) """ Because it may be impossible to feed the complete data to the CNN on normal machines, it is recommended to split the data into a number of patches. A percent of traning samples is used to create each path. Samples for each path can be randomly selected. """ num_patches = 5#Number of patches for patch_num in numpy.arange(num_patches): print("Patch : ", str(patch_num)) percent = 80 #percent of samples to be included in each path. #Getting the input-output data of the current path. shuffled_data, shuffled_labels = get_patch(data=dataset_array, labels=dataset_labels, percent=percent) #Data required for cnn operation. 1)Input Images, 2)Output Labels, and 3)Dropout probability cnn_feed_dict = {data_tensor: shuffled_data, label_tensor: shuffled_labels, keep_prop: 0.5} """ Training the CNN based on the current patch. CNN error is used as input in the run to minimize it. SoftMax predictions are returned to compute the classification accuracy. """ softmax_predictions_, _ = sess.run([softmax_predictions, error], feed_dict=cnn_feed_dict) #Calculating number of correctly classified samples. correct = numpy.array(numpy.where(softmax_predictions_ == shuffled_labels)) correct = correct.size print("Correct predictions/", str(percent * 50000/100), ' : ', correct)

與其將整個數據集一會兒送入網絡中去，不如將數據分爲一批數據塊（patch），將數據塊分批次送入網絡之中造成一個循環。每一個數據塊都包含訓練數據的子集，這些數據塊使用get_patch函數返回，該函數接收的參數爲輸入數據、標籤以及返回的百分數，函數根據百分數劃分子集。

def get_patch(data, labels, percent=70): """ Returning patch to train the CNN. :param data: Complete input data after being encoded and reshaped. :param labels: Labels of the entire dataset. :param percent: Percent of samples to get returned in each patch. :return: Subset of the data (patch) to train the CNN model. """ #Using the percent of samples per patch to return the actual number of samples to get returned. num_elements = numpy.uint32(percent*data.shape[0]/100) shuffled_labels = labels#Temporary variable to hold the data after being shuffled. numpy.random.shuffle(shuffled_labels)#Randomly reordering the labels. """ The previously specified percent of the data is returned starting from the beginning until meeting the required number of samples. The labels indices are also used to return their corresponding input images samples. """ return data[shuffled_labels[:num_elements], :, :, :], shuffled_labels[:num_elements]

5.保存訓練好的CNN模型

在訓練好CNN模型以後，須要保存訓練好的參數以便測試時使用，保存路徑由你指定，代碼以下：

#Saving the model after being trained. saver = tensorflow.train.Saver() save_model_path = "C:\\model\\" save_path = saver.save(sess=sess, save_path=save_model_path+"model.ckpt") print("Model saved in : ", save_path)

6.準備測試數據並加載訓練好的CNN模型

在測試以前，須要準備測試數據並恢復之前的訓練模型。測試數據準備與訓練數據準備的狀況相似，不一樣的是隻有一個二進制文件須要解碼，根據修改後的get_dataset_images函數對測試文件進行解碼，該函數徹底按照訓練數據所作的那樣調用unpickle_patch函數：

def get_dataset_images(test_path_path, im_dim=32, num_channels=3): """ Similar to the one used in training except that there is just a single testing binary file for testing the CIFAR10 trained models. """ print("Working on testing patch") data_dict = unpickle_patch(test_path_path) images_data = data_dict[b"data"] dataset_array = numpy.reshape(images_data, newshape=(len(images_data), im_dim, im_dim, num_channels)) return dataset_array, data_dict[b"labels"]

7.測試CNN模型

準備好測試數據並恢復訓練好的模型後，能夠按照如下代碼開始測試模型。值得一提的是，目標是僅返回輸入樣本的網絡預測結果，這也是TF會話運行只返回預測的緣由。此外，與訓練CNN時會話將盡量下降代價不一樣的是，在測試中並不想將成本降到最低，而是關注於預測精度。另外一個有趣的地方是，dropout層的機率設置爲1，即不丟棄任何節點。

#Dataset path containing the testing binary file to be decoded. patches_dir = "C:\\Users\\Dell\\Downloads\\Compressed\\cifar-10-python\\cifar-10-batches-py\\" dataset_array, dataset_labels = get_dataset_images(test_path_path=patches_dir + "test_batch", im_dim=32, num_channels=3) print("Size of data : ", dataset_array.shape) sess = tensorflow.Session() #Restoring the previously saved trained model. saved_model_path = 'C:\\Users\\Dell\\Desktop\\model\\' saver = tensorflow.train.import_meta_graph(saved_model_path+'model.ckpt.meta') saver.restore(sess=sess, save_path=saved_model_path+'model.ckpt') #Initalizing the varaibales. sess.run(tensorflow.global_variables_initializer()) graph = tensorflow.get_default_graph() """ Restoring previous created tensors in the training phase based on their given tensor names in the training phase. Some of such tensors will be assigned the testing input data and their outcomes (data_tensor, label_tensor, and keep_prop). Others are helpful in assessing the model prediction accuracy (softmax_propabilities and softmax_predictions). """ softmax_propabilities = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="softmax_probs:0") softmax_predictions = tensorflow.argmax(softmax_propabilities, axis=1) data_tensor = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="data_tensor:0") label_tensor = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="label_tensor:0") keep_prop = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="keep_prop:0") #keep_prop is equal to 1 because there is no more interest to remove neurons in the testing phase. feed_dict_testing = {data_tensor: dataset_array, label_tensor: dataset_labels, keep_prop: 1.0} #Running the session to predict the outcomes of the testing samples. softmax_propabilities_, softmax_predictions_ = sess.run([softmax_propabilities, softmax_predictions], feed_dict=feed_dict_testing) #Assessing the model accuracy by counting number of correctly classified samples. correct = numpy.array(numpy.where(softmax_predictions_ == dataset_labels)) correct = correct.size print("Correct predictions/10,000 : ", correct)

8.構建Flask web應用

在訓練好CNN模型後，將它加入到HTTP服務器中，並容許用戶在線使用。使用者將使用HTTP客戶端上傳一張圖像，該圖像以後會被HTTP服務器（Flask web應用）接收，該應用將基於訓練好的CNN模型預測該圖像的類別，並最終將類別返還給HTTP客戶端。整個過程以下圖所示：

import flask #Creating a new Flask Web application. It accepts the package name. app = flask.Flask("CIFAR10_Flask_Web_App") """ To activate the Web server to receive requests, the application must run. A good practice is to check whether the file is whether the file called from an external Python file or not. If not, then it will run. """ if __name__ == "__main__": """ In this example, the app will run based on the following properties: host: localhost port: 7777 debug: flag set to True to return debugging information. """ app.run(host="localhost", port=7777, debug=True)

目前，服務器沒有提供任何功能。服務器應該作的第一件事是容許用戶上傳圖像，當用戶訪問該應用程序的根URL時，該應用程序不會執行任何操做。應用程序能夠將用戶重定向到用戶能夠上傳圖像的HTML頁面。爲此，該應用程序有一個redirect_upload的函數，可將用戶重定向到用於上傳圖像的頁面，讓用戶在訪問應用程序根目錄後執行此函數能的是使用如下行建立的路由：

app.add_url_rule(rule="/", endpoint="homepage", view_func=redirect_upload)

上行代碼表示：若是用戶訪問應用程序的根目錄（標記爲「/」），則將調用查看函數（redirect_upload）。除了渲染upload_image.html的HTML頁面以外，這個函數什麼也不作，此頁面位於服務器的特殊模板目錄下。模板目錄內的頁面經過調用render_template函數來呈現。

def redirect_upload(): """ A viewer function that redirects the Web application from the root to a HTML page for uploading an image to get classified. The HTML page is located under the /templates directory of the application. :return: HTML page used for uploading an image. It is 'upload_image.html' in this exmaple. """ return flask.render_template(template_name_or_list="upload_image.html") """ Creating a route between the homepage URL (http://localhost:7777) to a viewer function that is called after getting to such URL. Endpoint 'homepage' is used to make the route reusable without hard-coding it later. """ app.add_url_rule(rule="/", endpoint="homepage", view_func=redirect_upload)

HTML頁面的屏幕顯示以下圖所示：

如下代碼是上圖頁面的HTML代碼，實現的功能也很簡單，容許用戶上傳一張圖像，當提交此類表單時，POST HTTP消息將被返回給URL：
http://localhost:7777/upload/

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{url_for(endpoint='static', filename='project_styles.css')}}"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Upload Image</title> </head> <body> <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="http://localhost:7777/upload/"> <center> <h3>Select CIFAR10 image to predict its label.</h3> <input type="file" name="image_file" accept="image/*"><br> <input type="submit" value="Upload"> </center> </form> </body> </html>

在從HTML表單返回到服務器以後，將調用與action表單屬性中指定URL關聯的查看函數upload_image，該函數獲取用戶選擇的圖像並將其保存到服務器。

def upload_image(): """ Viewer function that is called in response to getting to the 'http://localhost:7777/upload' URL. It uploads the selected image to the server. :return: redirects the application to a new page for predicting the class of the image. """ #Global variable to hold the name of the image file for reuse later in prediction by the 'CNN_predict' viewer functions. global secure_filename if flask.request.method == "POST":#Checking of the HTTP method initiating the request is POST. img_file = flask.request.files["image_file"]#Getting the file name to get uploaded. secure_filename = werkzeug.secure_filename(img_file.filename)#Getting a secure file name. It is a good practice to use it. img_path = os.path.join(app.root_path, secure_filename)#Preparing the full path under which the image will get saved. img_file.save(img_path)#Saving the image in the specified path. print("Image uploaded successfully.") """ After uploading the image file successfully, next is to predict the class label of it. The application will fetch the URL that is tied to the HTML page responsible for prediction and redirects the browser to it. The URL is fetched using the endpoint 'predict'. """ return flask.redirect(flask.url_for(endpoint="predict")) return "Image upload failed." """ Creating a route between the URL (http://localhost:7777/upload) to a viewer function that is called after navigating to such URL. Endpoint 'upload' is used to make the route reusable without hard-coding it later. The set of HTTP method the viewer function is to respond to is added using the 'methods' argument. In this case, the function will just respond to requests of method of type POST. """ app.add_url_rule(rule="/upload/", endpoint="upload", view_func=upload_image, methods=["POST"])

將圖像成功上傳到服務器後，已準備好讀取圖像並使用以前訓練過的CNN模型預測其類別標籤。基於此，upload_image函數將應用程序重定向到負責預測圖像類標籤的查看器函數。這個查看器功能是經過它的端點（endpoint）來達到的，以下行所指定的：

return flask.redirect(flask.url_for(endpoint="predict"))

負責預測圖像類別標籤的函數CNN_predict定義以下：

def CNN_predict(): """ Reads the uploaded image file and predicts its label using the saved pre-trained CNN model. :return: Either an error if the image is not for CIFAR10 dataset or redirects the browser to a new page to show the prediction result if no error occurred. """ """ Setting the previously created 'secure_filename' to global. This is because to be able invoke a global variable created in another function, it must be defined global in the caller function. """ global secure_filename #Reading the image file from the path it was saved in previously. img = scipy.misc.imread(os.path.join(app.root_path, secure_filename)) """ Checking whether the image dimensions match the CIFAR10 specifications. CIFAR10 images are RGB (i.e. they have 3 dimensions). It number of dimenions was not equal to 3, then a message will be returned. """ if(img.ndim) == 3: """ Checking if the number of rows and columns of the read image matched CIFAR10 (32 rows and 32 columns). """ if img.shape[0] == img.shape[1] and img.shape[0] == 32: """ Checking whether the last dimension of the image has just 3 channels (Red, Green, and Blue). """ if img.shape[-1] == 3: """ Passing all conditions above, the image is proved to be of CIFAR10. This is why it is passed to the predictor. """ predicted_class = CIFAR10_CNN_Predict_Image.main(img) """ After predicting the class label of the input image, the prediction label is rendered on an HTML page. The HTML page is fetched from the /templates directory. The HTML page accepts an input which is the predicted class. """ return flask.render_template(template_name_or_list="prediction_result.html", predicted_class=predicted_class) else: # If the image dimensions do not match the CIFAR10 specifications, then an HTML page is rendered to show the problem. return flask.render_template(template_name_or_list="error.html", img_shape=img.shape) else: # If the image dimensions do not match the CIFAR10 specifications, then an HTML page is rendered to show the problem. return flask.render_template(template_name_or_list="error.html", img_shape=img.shape) return "An error occurred."#Returned if there is a different error other than wrong image dimensions. """ Creating a route between the URL (http://localhost:7777/predict) to a viewer function that is called after navigating to such URL. Endpoint 'predict' is used to make the route reusable without hard-coding it later. """ app.add_url_rule(rule="/predict/", endpoint="predict", view_func=CNN_predict)

負責預測圖像類別標籤的主函數定義以下，它加載訓練好的模型並運行會話，返回圖像的預測類別，預測的類別將返回到Flask Web應用程序。

def main(img): """ The 'main' method accepts an input image array of size 32x32x3 and returns its class label. :param img:RGB image of size 32x32x3. :return:Predicted class label. """ #Dataset path containing a binary file with the labels of classes. Useful to decode the prediction code into a significant textual label. patches_dir = "C:\\cifar-10-python\\cifar-10-batches-py\\" dataset_array = numpy.random.rand(1, 32, 32, 3) dataset_array[0, :, :, :] = img sess = tensorflow.Session() #Restoring the previously saved trained model. saved_model_path = 'C:\\model\\' saver = tensorflow.train.import_meta_graph(saved_model_path+'model.ckpt.meta') saver.restore(sess=sess, save_path=saved_model_path+'model.ckpt') #Initalizing the varaibales. sess.run(tensorflow.global_variables_initializer()) graph = tensorflow.get_default_graph() """ Restoring previous created tensors in the training phase based on their given tensor names in the training phase. Some of such tensors will be assigned the testing input data and their outcomes (data_tensor, label_tensor, and keep_prop). Others are helpful in assessing the model prediction accuracy (softmax_propabilities and softmax_predictions). """ softmax_propabilities = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="softmax_probs:0") softmax_predictions = tensorflow.argmax(softmax_propabilities, axis=1) data_tensor = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="data_tensor:0") label_tensor = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="label_tensor:0") keep_prop = graph.get_tensor_by_name(name="keep_prop:0") #keep_prop is equal to 1 because there is no more interest to remove neurons in the testing phase. feed_dict_testing = {data_tensor: dataset_array, keep_prop: 1.0} #Running the session to predict the outcomes of the testing samples. softmax_propabilities_, softmax_predictions_ = sess.run([softmax_propabilities, softmax_predictions], feed_dict=feed_dict_testing) label_names_dict = unpickle_patch(patches_dir + "batches.meta") dataset_label_names = label_names_dict[b"label_names"] return dataset_label_names[softmax_predictions_[0]].decode('utf-8')

CNN_predict函數預測圖像的返回類標籤將按照下圖在prediction_result.html的新HTML頁面上呈現。

注意到，Flask應用程序使用容許HTML頁面接收輸入參數的Jinja2模板引擎，在這種狀況下傳遞的輸入參數是predict_class = predicted_class。

return flask.render_template(template_name_or_list="prediction_result.html", predicted_class=predicted_class)

該頁的HTML代碼以下：

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{url_for(endpoint='static', filename='project_styles.css')}}"> <script type="text/javascript" src="{{url_for(endpoint='static', filename='result.js')}}"></script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Prediction Result</title> </head> <body onload="show_alert('{{predicted_class}}')"> <center><h1>Predicted Class Label : <span>{{predicted_class}}</span></h1> <br> <a href="{{url_for(endpoint='homepage')}}"><span>Return to homepage</span>.</a> </center> </body> </html>

它是一個由預測的圖像類填充的模板，該圖像做爲參數傳遞給HTML頁面，相似於下面的代碼：