Django的Form主要具備一下幾大功能:python
- 生成HTML標籤
- 驗證用戶數據(顯示錯誤信息)
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交數據
- 初始化頁面顯示內容
小試牛刀
一、建立Form類git
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from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField(
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'id'
:
'i1'
,
'class'
:
'c1'
})
)
gender
=
fields.ChoiceField(
choices
=
((
1
,
'男'
), (
2
,
'女'
),),
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.RadioSelect
)
city
=
fields.CharField(
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.Select(choices
=
((
1
,
'上海'
),(
2
,
'北京'
),))
)
pwd
=
fields.CharField(
widget
=
widgets.PasswordInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
'c1'
}, render_value
=
True
)
)
|
二、View函數處理正則表達式
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from
django.shortcuts
import
render, redirect
from
.forms
import
MyForm
def
index(request):
if
request.method
=
=
"GET"
:
obj
=
MyForm()
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
elif
request.method
=
=
"POST"
:
obj
=
MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
if
obj.is_valid():
values
=
obj.clean()
print
(values)
else
:
errors
=
obj.errors
print
(errors)
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
else
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
|
三、生成HTML數據庫
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<form action
=
"/"
method
=
"POST"
enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
>
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}<
/
p>
<
input
type
=
"submit"
/
>
<
/
form>
|
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} {{ form.xxoo.label }} {{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }} {{ form.xxoo.label_tag }} {{ form.xxoo.errors }} <p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p> <input type="submit" /> </form>
Form類
建立Form類時,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用於對用戶請求數據的驗證,插件用於自動生成HTML;django
一、Django內置字段以下:dom
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Field
required
=
True
, 是否容許爲空
widget
=
None
, HTML插件
label
=
None
, 用於生成Label標籤或顯示內容
initial
=
None
, 初始值
help_text
=
'', 幫助信息(在標籤旁邊顯示)
error_messages
=
None
, 錯誤信息 {
'required'
:
'不能爲空'
,
'invalid'
:
'格式錯誤'
}
show_hidden_initial
=
False
, 是否在當前插件後面再加一個隱藏的且具備默認值的插件(可用於檢驗兩次輸入是否一直)
validators
=
[], 自定義驗證規則
localize
=
False
, 是否支持本地化
disabled
=
False
, 是否能夠編輯
label_suffix
=
None
Label內容後綴
CharField(Field)
max_length
=
None
, 最大長度
min_length
=
None
, 最小長度
strip
=
True
是否移除用戶輸入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value
=
None
, 最大值
min_value
=
None
, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value
=
None
, 最大值
min_value
=
None
, 最小值
max_digits
=
None
, 總長度
decimal_places
=
None
, 小數位長度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats
=
None
時間格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:
2015
-
09
-
01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:
11
:
12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:
2015
-
09
-
01
11
:
12
DurationField(Field) 時間間隔:
%
d
%
H:
%
M:
%
S.
%
f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定製正則表達式
max_length
=
None
, 最大長度
min_length
=
None
, 最小長度
error_message
=
None
, 忽略,錯誤信息使用 error_messages
=
{
'invalid'
:
'...'
}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file
=
False
是否容許空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注:須要PIL模塊,pip3 install Pillow
以上兩個字典使用時,須要注意兩點:
-
form表單中 enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
-
view函數中 obj
=
MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices
=
(), 選項,如:choices
=
((
0
,
'上海'
),(
1
,
'北京'
),)
required
=
True
, 是否必填
widget
=
None
, 插件,默認select插件
label
=
None
, Label內容
initial
=
None
, 初始值
help_text
=
'', 幫助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset,
# 查詢數據庫中的數據
empty_label
=
"---------"
,
# 默認空顯示內容
to_field_name
=
None
,
# HTML中value的值對應的字段
limit_choices_to
=
None
# ModelForm中對queryset二次篩選
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce
=
lambda
val: val 對選中的值進行一次轉換
empty_value
=
'' 空值的默認值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce
=
lambda
val: val 對選中的每個值進行一次轉換
empty_value
=
'' 空值的默認值
ComboField(Field)
fields
=
() 使用多個驗證,以下:即驗證最大長度
20
,又驗證郵箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields
=
[fields.CharField(max_length
=
20
), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象類,子類中能夠實現聚合多個字典去匹配一個值,要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats
=
None
, 格式列表:[
'%Y--%m--%d'
,
'%m%d/%Y'
,
'%m/%d/%y'
]
input_time_formats
=
None
格式列表:[
'%H:%M:%S'
,
'%H:%M:%S.%f'
,
'%H:%M'
]
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件選項,目錄下文件顯示在頁面中
path, 文件夾路徑
match
=
None
, 正則匹配
recursive
=
False
, 遞歸下面的文件夾
allow_files
=
True
, 容許文件
allow_folders
=
False
, 容許文件夾
required
=
True
,
widget
=
None
,
label
=
None
,
initial
=
None
,
help_text
=
''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol
=
'both'
, both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4
=
False
解析ipv4地址,若是是::ffff:
192.0
.
2.1
時候,可解析爲
192.0
.
2.1
, PS:protocol必須爲both才能啓用
SlugField(CharField) 數字,字母,下劃線,減號(連字符)
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid類型
...
|
注:UUID是根據MAC以及當前時間等建立的不重複的隨機字符串ide
>>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
二、Django內置插件:函數
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TextInput(
Input
)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
|
經常使用選擇插件
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# 單radio,值爲字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 單radio,值爲字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect
# )
# 單select,值爲字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 單select,值爲字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select
# )
# 多選select,值爲列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),),
# initial=[1,],
# widget=widgets.SelectMultiple
# )
# 單checkbox
# user = fields.CharField(
# widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
# )
# 多選checkbox,值爲列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# initial=[2, ],
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
# )
|
在使用選擇標籤時,須要注意choices的選項能夠從數據庫中獲取,可是因爲是靜態字段 ***獲取的值沒法實時更新***,那麼須要自定義構造方法從而達到此目的。post
方式一:
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from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.Select
)
def
__init__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
super
(MyForm,
self
).__init__(
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
# self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
# 或
self
.fields[
'user'
].widget.choices
=
models.Classes.objects.
all
().value_list(
'id'
,
'caption'
)
|
方式二:
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段來實現
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from
django
import
forms
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
models as form_model
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
FInfo(forms.Form):
authors
=
form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset
=
models.NNewType.objects.
all
())
# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
|
自定義驗證規則
方式一:
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from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField(
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'請輸入數字'
), RegexValidator(r
'^159[0-9]+$'
,
'數字必須以159開頭'
)],
)
|
方式二:
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import
re
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
# 自定義驗證規則
def
mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re
=
re.
compile
(r
'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$'
)
if
not
mobile_re.match(value):
raise
ValidationError(
'手機號碼格式錯誤'
)
class
PublishForm(Form):
title
=
fields.CharField(max_length
=
20
,
min_length
=
5
,
error_messages
=
{
'required'
:
'標題不能爲空'
,
'min_length'
:
'標題最少爲5個字符'
,
'max_length'
:
'標題最多爲20個字符'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
:
'標題5-20個字符'
}))
# 使用自定義驗證規則
phone
=
fields.CharField(validators
=
[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages
=
{
'required'
:
'手機不能爲空'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
: u
'手機號碼'
}))
email
=
fields.EmailField(required
=
False
,
error_messages
=
{
'required'
: u
'郵箱不能爲空'
,
'invalid'
: u
'郵箱格式錯誤'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
: u
'郵箱'
}))
|
方法三:自定義方法
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from
django
import
forms
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
FInfo(forms.Form):
username
=
fields.CharField(max_length
=
5
,
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid extension.'
,
'invalid'
)], )
email
=
fields.EmailField()
def
clean_username(
self
):
"""
Form中字段中定義的格式匹配完以後,執行此方法進行驗證
:return:
"""
value
=
self
.cleaned_data[
'username'
]
if
"666"
in
value:
raise
ValidationError(
'666已經被玩爛了...'
,
'invalid'
)
return
value
|
方式四:同時生成多個標籤進行驗證
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from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
############## 自定義字段 ##############
class
PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):
def
__init__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
# Define one message for all fields.
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.'
,
}
# Or define a different message for each field.
f
=
(
fields.CharField(
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a country calling code.'
},
validators
=
[
RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid country calling code.'
),
],
),
fields.CharField(
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a phone number.'
},
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid phone number.'
)],
),
fields.CharField(
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid extension.'
)],
required
=
False
,
),
)
super
(PhoneField,
self
).__init__(error_messages
=
error_messages, fields
=
f, require_all_fields
=
False
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
def
compress(
self
, data_list):
"""
當用戶驗證都經過後,該值返回給用戶
:param data_list:
:return:
"""
return
data_list
############## 自定義插件 ##############
class
SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
def
__init__(
self
):
ws
=
(
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
)
super
(SplitPhoneWidget,
self
).__init__(ws)
def
decompress(
self
, value):
"""
處理初始值,當初始值initial不是列表時,調用該方法
:param value:
:return:
"""
if
value:
return
value.split(
','
)
return
[
None
,
None
,
None
]
|
初始化數據
在Web應用程序中開發編寫功能時,時經常使用到獲取數據庫中的數據並將值初始化在HTML中的標籤上。
一、Form
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13
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from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField()
city
=
fields.ChoiceField(
choices
=
((
1
,
'上海'
), (
2
,
'北京'
),),
widget
=
widgets.Select
)
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二、Views
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14
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from
django.shortcuts
import
render, redirect
from
.forms
import
MyForm
def
index(request):
if
request.method
=
=
"GET"
:
values
=
{
'user'
:
'root'
,
'city'
:
2
}
obj
=
MyForm(values)
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
elif
request.method
=
=
"POST"
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
else
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
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三、HTML
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<form method
=
"POST"
enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
>
{
%
csrf_token
%
}
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}<
/
p>
<
input
type
=
"submit"
/
>
<
/
form>
|