本系列文章將介紹Docker的有關知識:html
(1)Docker 安裝及基本用法node
(2)Docker 鏡像python
(3)Docker 容器的隔離性 - 使用 Linux namespace 隔離容器的運行環境linux
(4)Docker 容器的隔離性 - 使用 cgroups 限制容器使用的資源web
(5)Docker 網絡mongodb
1. 安裝
1.1 在 Ubuntu 14.04 上安裝 Docker
前提要求:docker
- 內核版本必須是3.10或者以上
依次執行下面的步驟:ubuntu
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates
- sudo apt-key adv --keyserver hkp://p80.pool.sks-keyservers.net:80 --recv-keys 58118E89F3A912897C070ADBF76221572C52609D
- 編輯 /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list 文件,添加 deb https://apt.dockerproject.org/repo ubuntu-trusty main
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get purge lxc-docker
- apt-cache policy docker-engine
- apt-get upgrade
- sudo apt-get install linux-image-extra-$(uname -r) linux-image-extra-virtual
- sudo apt-get install docker-engine
至此,安裝過程完成。api
- 運行 sudo service docker start 啓動 Docker 守護進程。
- 運行 docker version 查看 Docker 版本
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker --version Docker version 1.12.1, build 23cf638
啓動第一個容器:bash
- 啓動第一個Docker 容器 docker run hello-world
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker run hello-world Hello from Docker! This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
它的運行成功也代表前面的安裝步驟都運行正確了。
以上內容參考自 Docker 官網:https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/
1.2 Docker 到目前(2016/09/16)爲止的版本歷史
版本號 | 發佈日期 | 發佈經理 |
---|---|---|
Docker 1.12.1 | 08/18/2016 | |
Docker 1.12.0 | 07/28/2016 | |
Docker 1.11.0 | 04/12/2016 | @mlaventure |
Docker 1.10.0 | 02/04/2016 | @thaJeztah |
Docker 1.9.0 | 10/29/2015 | @tiborvass |
Docker 1.8.0 | 08/11/2015 | @calavera |
2. Docker 的基本操做
2.1 Docker 容器的狀態機
(圖片來源)
一個容器在某個時刻可能處於如下幾種狀態之一:
- created:已經被建立 (使用 docker ps -a 命令能夠列出)可是尚未被啓動 (使用 docker ps 命令還沒法列出)
- running:運行中
- paused:容器的進程被暫停了
- restarting:容器的進程正在重啓過程當中
- exited:上圖中的 stopped 狀態,表示容器以前運行過可是如今處於中止狀態(要區別於 created 狀態,它是指一個新創出的還沒有運行過的容器)。能夠經過 start 命令使其從新進入 running 狀態
- destroyed:容器被刪除了,不再存在了
你能夠在 docker inspect 命令的輸出中查看其詳細狀態:
"State": { "Status": "running", "Running": true, "Paused": false, "Restarting": false, "OOMKilled": false, "Dead": false, "Pid": 4597, "ExitCode": 0, "Error": "", "StartedAt": "2016-09-16T08:09:34.53403504Z", "FinishedAt": "2016-09-16T08:06:44.365106765Z" }
2.2 Docker 命令概述
咱們能夠把Docker 的命令大概地分類以下:
鏡像操做: build Build an image from a Dockerfile commit Create a new image from a container's changes images List images load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry push Push an image or a repository to a registry rmi Remove one or more images search Search the Docker Hub for images tag Tag an image into a repository save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default) history 顯示某鏡像的歷史
inspect 獲取鏡像的詳細信息
容器及其中應用的生命週期操做: create Create a new container (建立一個容器) kill Kill one or more running containers inspect Return low-level information on a container, image or task pause Pause all processes within one or more containers ps List containers rm Remove one or more containers (刪除一個或者多個容器) rename Rename a container restart Restart a container run Run a command in a new container (建立並啓動一個容器) start Start one or more stopped containers (啓動一個處於中止狀態的容器) stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics (顯示容器實時的資源消耗信息) stop Stop one or more running containers (中止一個處於運行狀態的容器) top Display the running processes of a container unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers update Update configuration of one or more containers wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code attach Attach to a running container exec Run a command in a running container port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
logs 獲取容器的日誌 容器文件系統操做: cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image Docker registry 操做: login Log in to a Docker registry. logout Log out from a Docker registry. Volume 操做 volume Manage Docker volumes 網絡操做 network Manage Docker networks Swarm 相關操做 swarm Manage Docker Swarm service Manage Docker services node Manage Docker Swarm nodes 系統操做: version Show the Docker version information
events Get real time events from the server (持續返回docker 事件)
info Display system-wide information (顯示Docker 主機系統範圍內的信息)
比較有意思的幾個命令:
(1)容器從生到死整個生命週期
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker create --name web31 training/webapp python app.py #建立名字爲 web31 的容器 7465f4cb7c49555af32929bd1bc4213f5e72643c0116450e495b71c7ec128502 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其狀態爲 created created root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker start web31 #啓動容器 web31
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker exec -it web31 /bin/bash #在容器中運行 bash 命令
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 #其狀態爲 running running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker pause web31 #暫停容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 paused root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker unpause web31 #繼續容器 web31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' web31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rename web31 newweb31 #重命名 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 running root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker top newweb31 #在容器中運行 top 命令 UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 5009 4979 0 16:28 ? 00:00:00 python app.py root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker logs newweb31 #獲取容器的日誌 * Running on http://0.0.0.0:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit) root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker stop newweb31 #中止容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 exited root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker rm newweb31 #刪除容器 newweb31 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker inspect --format='{{.State.Status}}' newweb31 Error: No such image, container or task: newweb31
(2) docker stop 和 docker kill
在docker stop 命令執行的時候,會先向容器中PID爲1的進程發送系統信號 SIGTERM,而後等待容器中的應用程序終止執行,若是等待時間達到設定的超時時間(默認爲 10秒,用戶能夠指定特定超時時長),會繼續發送SIGKILL的系統信號強行kill掉進程。在容器中的應用程序,能夠選擇忽略和不處理SIGTERM信號,不過一旦達到超時時間,程序就會被系統強行kill掉,由於SIGKILL信號是直接發往系統內核的,應用程序沒有機會去處理它。
好比運行 docker stop web5 -t 20 命令後:
2016-09-16T16:01:18.206540853+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=15) 2016-09-16T16:01:38.212352224+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9) 2016-09-16T16:01:38.235021315+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)
能看到:
- 首先 docker 向容器發出 SIGTERM 信號(signal=15)
- 等待20秒 (01:18 到 01:38)
- 再發送 SIGKILL 系統信號 (signal = 9)
- 而後容器被殺掉了 (die)
而 docker kill 命令會直接發出SIGKILL的系統信號,以強行終止容器中程序的運行。運行 docker kill web5 命令後:
2016-09-16T16:06:44.351086471+08:00 container kill b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (image=training/webapp, name=web5, signal=9) 2016-09-16T16:06:44.365116100+08:00 container die b3256ef1400a7f6a6f242e377a77af5e25d3b12237c4ee7c2e9b31a5f6437868 (exitCode=137, image=training/webapp, name=web5)
可見直接發出的是 SIGKILL 信號,容器立馬就被殺掉了。
(3)使用 docker cp 在 host 和 container 之間拷貝文件或者目錄
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp /home/sammy/mydockerbuild/Dockerfile web5:/webapp #從 host 拷貝文件到 container 裏面 root@devstack:/home/sammy# root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker cp web5:/webapp/Dockerfile /home/sammy/Dockerfile #從 container 裏面拷貝文件到 host 上 root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls /home/sammy chroot devstack Dockerfile mongodbdocker mydockerbuild webapp
(4)docker export 和 import
docker export:將一個容器的文件系統打包爲一個壓縮文件
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker export web5 -o ./web5 root@devstack:/home/sammy# ls chroot devstack Dockerfile mongodbdocker mydockerbuild web5 webapp
docker import:從一個壓縮文件建立一個鏡像
root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker import web5 web5img -m "imported on 0916" sha256:745bb258be0a69a517367667646148bb2f662565bb3d222b50c0c22e5274a926 root@devstack:/home/sammy# docker history web5img IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT 745bb258be0a 6 seconds ago 324 MB imported on 0916
(5) 當在 docker 中執行某 bash 命令時,可能會返回 command not found。其緣由是你所使用的鏡像每每是最小鏡像,未安裝你所須要的命令。好比基於 ubuntu 鏡像啓動一個容器,運行 ping 命令會提示該錯誤。此時,須要手工安裝該工具。
apt-get update apt-get install iputils-ping #會安裝 ping 命令
apt-get install net-tools #會安裝 ifconfig 命令
2.3 docker run 命令
docker run 命令會建立一個容器並啓動它,它也是包含不少的參數,按照用途將它們分類以下:
cgroups 和 namespace 相關: --blkio-weight value Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000 --blkio-weight-device value Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default []) --cgroup-parent string Optional parent cgroup for the container --cpu-percent int CPU percent (Windows only) --cpu-period int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period --cpu-quota int Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota -c, --cpu-shares int CPU shares (relative weight) --cpuset-cpus string CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) --cpuset-mems string MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1) --device-read-bps value Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default []) --device-read-iops value Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default []) --device-write-bps value Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default []) --device-write-iops value Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default []) --ipc string IPC namespace to use -m, --memory string Memory limit --memory-reservation string Memory soft limit --memory-swap string Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap --memory-swappiness int Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1) --kernel-memory string Kernel memory limit -u, --user string Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>]) --userns string User namespace to use --uts string UTS namespace to use -h, --hostname string Container host name --pid string PID namespace to use --pids-limit int Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited) --isolation string Container isolation technology --io-maxbandwidth string Maximum IO bandwidth limit for the system drive (Windows only) --io-maxiops uint Maximum IOps limit for the system drive (Windows only) linux process capabilities 相關參數: --cap-add value Add Linux capabilities (default []) --cap-drop value Drop Linux capabilities (default []) 容器運行模式和環境相關: -d, --detach Run container in background and print container ID -e, --env value Set environment variables (default []) --env-file value Read in a file of environment variables (default []) DNS 相關: --dns value Set custom DNS servers (default []) --dns-opt value Set DNS options (default []) --dns-search value Set custom DNS search domains (default []) 健康檢查相關: --health-cmd string Command to run to check health --health-interval duration Time between running the check --health-retries int Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy --health-timeout duration Maximum time to allow one check to run --no-healthcheck Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK IP 和端口: --ip string Container IPv4 address (e.g. 172.30.100.104) --ip6 string Container IPv6 address (e.g. 2001:db8::33) -p, --publish value Publish a container's port(s) to the host (default []) -P, --publish-all Publish all exposed ports to random ports --expose value Expose a port or a range of ports (default []) --mac-address string Container MAC address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33) --add-host value Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip) (default []) Volume 相關: -v, --volume value Bind mount a volume (default []) --volume-driver string Optional volume driver for the container --volumes-from value Mount volumes from the specified container(s) (default []) --storage-opt value Storage driver options for the container (default []) Network 有關: --network string Connect a container to a network (default "default") --network-alias value Add network-scoped alias for the container (default []) --link value Add link to another container (default []) --link-local-ip value Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses (default []) 日誌有關: --log-driver string Logging driver for the container --log-opt value Log driver options (default []) 交互性有關: -a, --attach value Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR (default []) -i, --interactive Keep STDIN open even if not attached OOM 有關: --oom-kill-disable Disable OOM Killer --oom-score-adj int Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000) 其它(待更進一步分類): --cidfile string Write the container ID to the file --detach-keys string Override the key sequence for detaching a container --device value Add a host device to the container (default []) --disable-content-trust Skip image verification (default true) --entrypoint string Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image --group-add value Add additional groups to join (default []) --help Print usage -l, --label value Set meta data on a container (default []) --label-file value Read in a line delimited file of labels (default []) --name string Assign a name to the container --privileged Give extended privileges to this container --read-only Mount the container's root filesystem as read only --restart string Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no") --rm Automatically remove the container when it exits --runtime string Runtime to use for this container --security-opt value Security Options (default []) --shm-size string Size of /dev/shm, default value is 64MB --sig-proxy Proxy received signals to the process (default true) --stop-signal string Signal to stop a container, SIGTERM by default (default "SIGTERM") --sysctl value Sysctl options (default map[]) --tmpfs value Mount a tmpfs directory (default []) -t, --tty Allocate a pseudo-TTY --ulimit value Ulimit options (default []) -w, --workdir string Working directory inside the container
具體的內容之後會有專門文件分析。
3. Doker 平臺的基本構成
Docker 平臺基本上由三部分組成:
- 客戶端:用戶使用 Docker 提供的工具(CLI 以及 API 等)來構建,上傳鏡像併發布命令來建立和啓動容器
- Docker 主機:從 Docker registry 上下載鏡像並啓動容器
- Docker registry:Docker 鏡像倉庫,用於保存鏡像,並提供鏡像上傳和下載
後面的文章會具體分析。